Background- One of the primary pathologies associated with hypertension is a complex autonomic malfunction with evidence of sympathetic hyperactivity and/or vagal withdrawal. Objectives- To assess the possibility for early detection of hypertension in children of hypertensive parents based on analysis of effect of Isometric Hand Grip (IHG) and heart rate variability. Material and Methods: 100 young, normotensive male offspring of normotensive parents (control group) and 100 young, normotensive male offspring of hypertensive parents (test group) of similar body mass index participated in this study. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline, during Isometric hand grip and after 5 minutes after isometric hand grip. Results: There was no significant difference seen in both groups in baseline parameters of heart rate variability. Low frequency in normalised unit (LFnu), Low frequency/ High Frequency (LF/HF) ratio were significantly increased and High frequency in normalised units (HFnu) was significantly decreased during isometric hand grip in test group. Conclusion: These results indicate the early existence of malfunctions in both branches of autonomic control in individuals at increased risk of hypertension.

Introduction: Academic performance is an individual’s inherent potentials in terms of intelligence combined with other sociological factors. In this era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an individual’s well-being and opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of life. Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the performance of high school students towards mathematics in Illubabor and BunoBedelle zone. Methods: The study was conducted in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle zone secondary schools. For this study data were collected by using questionnaires. So, the researchers were used primary data collection method. In this study, the researcher applied simple random sampling and stratified sampling technique which is used to select samples from the target population and the sample size used in the study was 375 observations. The researcher is primarily used based on quantitative research, which constructed multiple regression models to identify and measure the predictors of performance of students towards mathematics in the study area. Results: A total of 375 health workers were included and the frequency and percentage of age Below 15,Between 15 to16, between 16 to18,and 18 to 20 are 34(9.1%) 188(50.1%),122(32.5%) and31(8.3%) respectively. Among those, most of the age of students is between 15 to 16. From descriptive analysis the average score results for students during the study period is about 60.9 and the standard deviation is 10.9. Therefore, this implies that there is no absence of moderate variations among the values of average score across the performance of students towards mathematics included for this study. As illustrated in the correlation analysis of performance of students indicate that, there is statistically and significantly positive correlation between age, marital status, grade level, economic status and classroom instruction with average score of student’s results. This means that as these variables increase average score results of students also will increase and vice versa. Concussion: Grade level, economic status, father education background, mathematics remedial test, and distance from school have statistically significant effects on the average score results of students.

This paper focuses on child labor in artisanal coal factories, with the aim of contributing to a better knowledge of children at risk by presenting the working conditions of children in artisanal charcoal factories in Tiassalé. This research work was based on a sample of 90 respondents and was determined using the reasoned choice method. Four (4) modes of data collection were retained: documentary research, observation, questionnaire, and interview. As for the analysis of the data, the mode of treatment is qualitative and quantitative. At the outcome level, it was noted that the activities carried out by the children include the collection of the stems of wood, the participation in the construction of the kiln, the maintenance of the furnace, the collection of the charcoal, and the transport of the bags of charcoal. Concerning the working conditions, it was noted that the children carried out a dangerous work because of its arduousness and the long hours devoted to the activities. Also, the environment in which this work is carried out, namely the bush, exposes them to accidents of all kinds. Finally, it was an unpaid work for majority of them. As explanatory factors of child labor, the study shows that poverty, the desire to teach children a trade, and the trafficking and exploitation of these children are the causes of their daily involvement in the activities of artisanal coal factories in Tiassalé.

Background: Avedis Donabedian defined the quality of care as the kind of care, which is expected to maximize an inclusive measure of patient welfare, after taking into account the balance of expected gains and losses associated with the process of care in all its segments. According to the World Medical Assembly, physicians and health care institutions have an ethical and professional obligation to strive for continuous quality improvement of services and patient safety with the ultimate goal to improve both individual patient outcomes as well as population health. National Accreditation Board for Hospital and Healthcare Providers (NABH), is a constituent board under Quality Council of India set up to establish and operate accreditation program for healthcare organizations to assure quality of care. The tertiary care centre where the study was conducted, is accredited by NABH since January, 2012. Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of NABH accreditation on the hospital services as per the healthcare workers employed in the centre, the effect they observe post NABH accreditation and the level of job satisfaction among them post NABH accreditation. Methodology: A cross sectional study using simple random sampling was done among employees consisting of pool of doctors, therapists, nurses, pharmacists and administrative staff. A total of 151 staff participated in the study. A self-administered, pre tested, structured questionnaire with 10 questions was used for data collection. Only staff (doctors, therapists, nurses, pharmacists and the administrative staff) working for more than 5 years i.e. who were associated with the organization before and after NABH Accreditation were included in the study. Results and Conclusion: More than 80% of participants perceives that there is positive effect of NABH accreditation on the hospital services and the processes has improved in the hospital post NABH accreditation. 85% participants felt an impact on the level of job satisfaction among them post NABH accreditation.

Uses of certain herbal folk remedies is well known in rural area in Iraq & other countries this mostly due to lack of medical education among lay peoples and sporadic distribution of small districts & villages which are faraway from primary health centers .for examples of theses remedies are seeds, plants, berries, roots, banks, these remedies are widely used for treatment and prevention of various disease. The long life adventure of SAGWA (which is prepared from mixture of boiled animal parts of urchin, tar, drug lomotil, rose water, & cow feces) this strange mixture widely used by some midwives & elderly woman in rural areas as part of traditional knowledge & wrong believes for treatment of prolong gastroenteritis despite of its known harmful effect with serious complications like nephrotoxicity & neurotoxicity. In children hospital daily receivesmany cases of SAGWA poisoning from country side around Baghdad with various sign of presentation & complication include dehydration, sepsis, & sever electrolytes disturbances & bleeding with renal failure that warrant emergency PD dialysis which very common presentation. In this case of SAGWA poisoning child presented with serious sign of disturb level of consciousness and oliguria were admitted to emergency department then transfers to ICU, & treated as encephalitis.

Academic stress and depressions are the burning causes of suicide and suicidal attempt for college students. There are lots of cases reporting by media about the college students’ suicide in daily newspapers that make too much pressure and stress on parents, society, institutions and maybe also in government. Keeping in this view it is today’s need to investigate the causal factors that affecting psychologically on students mentality which can help us to understand that what kind of thoughts running inside the mind of students, because of this, the present study is designed to study the academic stress and depression among college students. 360 participants (180 male, 180 female) age ranged 17 – 21yearswere administered tostudy. Students were asked to solve Academic Stress Scale for College Students (ASSCS) and Depression Scale (MDS).The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, student ‘t’ test and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results revealed that there is a significant gender difference between academic stress and depression among college students. There is a significant positive relation between academic stress and depression among college students. The level of academic stress is significantly affected by student’s depression. Findings from present study help to recover the students suffering from academic stress and depression.

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is associated with considerable postoperative discomfort. The perioperative management of pain following abdominal surgery can pose a challenge to anesthesia providers. Conventional practice has involved the use of opioids as well as neuraxial analgesic techniques. Unfortunately, these therapies are not without potential risks and side effects. Aim of the study: To compare the postoperative pain relief provided by Ultrasound guided TAP block technique with ultrasound guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blockade in adult undergoing unilateral hernia repair surgery regarding duration. Patient and method: A prospective randomized controlled study of 60 male patient undergone elective unilateral inguinal hernia repair, 30 of them under ultrasound guide TAP block anterior approach at the end operation using 20 ml of 0.25% plain bupivacaine was done. 30 of them under ultrasound guide TAP block posterior approach at the end operation using 20 ml of 0.25% plain bupivacaine was done. Then Vital signs, numerical pain score and analgesia requirement were recorded at recovery,2nd, 4th & 8th hours postoperatively. Result: By applying null hypothesis, using the t-student test of independent two samples, Pain score and Request for analgesia show no significant difference in both methods for postoperative pain relief. For vital signs there was no significant difference for both groups. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between both methods. Those two methods provide good analgesia with less postoperative other medication use without any significant side effect.

Pressure ulcers are a localized area of tissue necrosis that develop when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and an external surface. This condition has been recognised for at least 5000 years and its incidence has been on the rise due to an increasing geriatric population. All the while the cost of managing pressure ulcers has also been on the rise, overburdening health care delivery systems worldwide, especially more so in developing nations. Currently pressure ulcers are seen as a preventable entity, therefore prevention should be a priority in their management. The management of established pressure ulcers has progressed over the past 50 years and todays practice consists of serial wound dressings with debridement if required. More orthodox reconstructive surgical procedures are reserved for grade 3 and 4 ulcers. There has been a drastic reduction in the associated mortality and morbidity associated with pressure ulcers, but literature still reports complications in long standing cases such as acute sepsis, heterotopic ossification, joint sepsis, malignant transformation and the development of osteomyelitis of the underlying bone. This review article aims to outline the mechanism of development, presentation, aetiology, diagnosis, prevention and management, both non-surgical as well as surgical and newer advances in treatment of pressure ulcers.

Mammography is rapid and inexpensive, but it is of limited usefulness in detecting implant rupture in women with silicone implants. It is very inaccurate for intracapsular rupture and will reliably detect extruded silicone only in an extra capsular rupture.

As we become more civilised, there’s been an gradual increase in crime rate leading to gross injustice owing to shortfalls in terms of identification. With advances in field of dentistry it aids in identification and providing evidences of the crime to the law firm. The pattern on the lips has individual characteristics. The finger prints in the beginning were the only means of identification but now investigators can also rely on cheiloscopy as evidence. Cheiloscopy also known as quiloscopy which is defined as a method of identification of a person based on characteristic arrangement of lines appearing on the red part of lips. The tremendous research done in the field of cheiloscopy highlight the fact that the possibilities to use the lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought.

Objective: Caregivers of persons with intellectual disability are faced with multiple challenges, and their works are highly frustrating, especially in Nigeria where caregivers have no defined scope of service and supports. There has not been much study on care-giving and depression among caregivers of children with intellectual disability. This study, therefore, examined the conceptual (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and self-esteem) factors as predictors of depression among the caregivers of persons with intellectual disability in the Southwest, Nigeria. Method: Descriptive survey design was used. Fifty-five primary schools for persons with intellectual disability and 293 caregivers (140 males, 153 females between ages 20 and 65) were purposively selected in the Southwest, Nigeria. Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, General Self-efficacy, Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scales, and Beck Depression Index II were instruments used for the study. Data were analyzed with multiple regressions at 0.05 level of significance. Results: The levels of independent variables to the dependent variable in terms of weighted mean are openness to experience (x ̅ = 4.38), conscientiousness (x ̅ = 2.90), extroversion (x ̅ = 3.45), agreeableness (x ̅ = 3.24), neuroticism (x ̅ = 2.71), and self-efficacy (x ̅= 3.33). Years of experience (r = 0.10), gender (r=0.16), openness to experience (r=0.25), conscientiousness (r=0.19), extroversion (r=0.17), agreeableness (r=0.26), neuroticism (r=0.16), self-efficacy (r=0.29), emotional intelligence (r=0.15), and self-esteem (r=0.16) had significant positive relationships with depression among caregivers of persons with intellectual disability. Conclusion: Openness to experience, extroversion, self-efficacy, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, self-esteem and emotional intelligence influenced depression among caregivers of persons with intellectual disability in the Southwest, Nigeria. Therefore, governments at various levels should factor these variables into the environment where caregivers working with persons with intellectual disability function.

Background: Neonatal sepsis refers to systemic infection of the newborn. It is characterized by nonspecific symptoms, and documented by positive blood culture. An estimated 1.6 million deaths occur due to neonatal infections worldwide, 40% of them being limited to developing countries. The incidence of neonatal sepsis in our country is around 30 per 1000 live births. These children are more likely to have neuro developmental side effects. Therefore it is important to diagnose and treat the condition as early as possible. Objective: The aim of the present study is to determine the microbiological profile of neonates with sepsis and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern using automated systems-BacT/ALERT and Vitek 2 systems. Materials and Methods: This study is a Retrospective study conducted between December 2017 and February 2018 at NICU, Vani Vilas hospital, BMC&RI, Bengaluru. All admitted neonates with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis at the time of admission or who developed sepsis during their hospital stay were included in the study. Blood samples were collected aseptically from neonates suspected with neonatal sepsis. Samples were inoculated into pediatric automated blood culture bottle “pediatric” (yellow, 30 ml, BacT/ALERT PF). Cultures with positive results were streaked on blood and Mac Conkey agar. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity were done using Vitek-2 systems. Results: In this study blood samples were collected from 253 neonates admitted to NICU ofVanivilas hospital, 72 samples were found to be culture positive. The most common organism isolated from both Early onset sepsis(EOS) and Late onset sepsis(LOS) was Klebsiellapneumoniae57% and 53% respectively. Most of the Klebsiella organisms were sensitive to Piperacillin-tazobactum, Amikacin and Imepenem. The next most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus in EOS and Enterococcus species in LOS. The most important risk factors found were preterm and low birth weight, with respiratory distress being the most frequent presentation. Conclusion: Appropriate identification of sepsis source, prompt antibiotic prescription and aggressive management can effectively prevent adverse events following neonatal sepsis. There is requirement of simple and sustainable intervention to reduce the burden of multidrug resistant pathogens causing sepsis. The implementation of hand washing, barrier nursing and antibiotic stewardship policies is need of time.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the post operative complaints in diabetic and non diabetic complete denture wearers. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare problems faced by diabetic and non diabetic complete denture wearers. Materials and Method: This study was done with a sample of 100 patients out of which half were diabetic and half were non-diabetic. A self-administered structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey was used in the study. The data was analyzed using the Graphpad Prism 7.0 version. Results: results show significant difference in almost all of the questions except appearance of white or reddish lesion, pain while eating, difficulty in speech, difficulty in chewing which were non significant between diabetic and non diabetic patients. Conclusion: Diabetic patients experienced more problems after wearing a complete denture as compared to non diabetic patients. The most frequent problem listed by 78 % of diabetic patient was bad smell.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hardness and flexural strength of yttrium stabilised zirconia ceramics after various low temperature aging using computerised micro hardness tester and universal testing machine respectively. Materials and methods: The study included blocks of yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia from two manufacturers (n=15) Group A-AIDITE (Qinhuangdao Technology Co., Ltd, Hebei, China) and Group B-UPCERA (Shenzhen Upcera Dental Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, China), for each brand were machined, sintered and glazed according to manufacturer’s specifications to mimic a final polished crown. The sintered blocks were of 40mm (length) ×5mm (width) ×3mm (height) in dimensions approximately. Specimens were artificially aged in distilled water by heat treatment at temperatures of 100°, 150° and 200°C for 10 hours each in order to induce phase transformation. These specimens after aging were individually evaluated for hardness using computerised microhardness tester (Reichert Austria microhardess tester) and flexural strength using universal testing machine (Unitest-10). Results: The results from hardness testing showed that the hardness was highest without aging. There was a considerable decrease in hardness in group B when compared to group A. The results from flexural strength evaluation showed a decrease in the mean flexural strength with aging in Group A. On the contrary, flexural strength was higher without aging. Furthermore, the flexural strength in group B kept fluctuating and was the highest when aged at 100°C. A sudden decrease in the flexural strength was noted when aged at 150°C. Conclusion: The in vitro tests conducted reveal that when low temperature aging was carried out at a temperature of 100°C for 10 hours, the hardness of Y-TZP ceramics decreased whereas the flexural strength increased. However, beyond this temperature of 100°C especially at 150°C and above, the flexural strength of both the materials started to decrease.

The maximum ability to utilize oxygen (VO2max) was observed in active duty marine reserves before and after the implementation of a high intensity interval training program (HIIT). Eleven males volunteered for this study of 32± 6 years of age and heights of 1.77 ± 0.08.With the implementation of HIIT in marine training protocol there was a significant difference seen in VO2max pre and post HIIT training p =.00. Paired t-tests were used to find differences between pre and post HIIT protocol on VO2MAX (alpha = 0.05). This is suggestive that HIIT is effective in improving VO2MAX. Further research should be done on HIIT and its effectiveness on VO2MAX. This should include but not be limited to larger sample sizes, control groups, and high volume training groups.

The aim of this study is to warn about the evolution of meningococcal infection to sepsis and fulminant purpura which required the amputation of both legs. The case of a 2-year-11-month-old female infant is reported who was referred to the pediatrics emergency department of Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. The child was admitted to hospital without pulses in the lower extremities and changes in coagulation, thereby limiting any possibility of an surgical intervention involving the limbs. After four days of hospitalization, the distal cyanosis of the legs and feet progressed to necrosis. Bilateral infragenicular amputation was performed on the 26th day of hospitalization. The current case emphasizes the evolution of meningococcemia to bilateral infragenicular amputation. Despite all evolution in science over the last few decades, meningococcemia continues to result in high morbidity and mortality rates.

Congo fever is a widely distributed vector borne viral disease, seen in different regions of the world. CCHF virus (CCHFV), which belongs to the Nairovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family, is causative agent for this fatal condition. As this virus is highly pathogenic and easily transmissible it forms a threat on Human society and it has a fatality rate of 40-70%.The virus can be transmitted to human being either from animal which is exposed to tick or directly from tick. Human to human transmission is also common through their body secretion, this risk is more common among health professionals. The major symptoms include headache, hyper pyrexia, stomach ache, muscle pain, low blood pressure and flushed face. As the disease progresses, there is appearance of most severe hemorrhagic symptoms such as petechiae, ecchymosis, epistaxis, bleeding gums and emesis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, antigen detection, serum neutralization and isolation of the virus by cell culture are the common diagnostic measures used for identifying viral infection. Even though there is no specific management is available for CCHF, immunotherapy and ribavirin have been approved by the World Health Organization for the treatment of CCHFV infection. Nevertheless educating the public regarding the risk factors and control measures can easily help to reduce the spread of this disease to a greater extent, It is very true particularly in developing countries as there is less resources.

The field of animal reproduction especially that dealing with dairy sector, has seen the application of many innovative and sophisticated techniques in the recent past. Sexing semen is one such technology that has attracted the attention equally of dairy professionals and farmers as well. This is based on the principle of flow cytometry combined with the X and Y sperm separation techniques that are available in the domains of standard physics and biological sciences. The well known particle counting machines in fluid media like Coulter Counters are employed in this methodology not primarily to count the particles passing through the medium but instead charging them differentially and then to coordinate and guide their motion to respective electropositive and electronegative sides of such an elaborate set up which also includes equipments like micro jet throwers and laser lights; also involving chemical treatments of sperms with chemicals like fluorescent dyes. The particles in this technology are no doubt the sperm cells and the entire process is based on the assumption that a size difference does exist between X and Y sperms because X sperm have nearly 3.8% more DNA than the Y one. This difference is then utilized in a way to differentiate such sperms, X or Y and assign different charge, positive or negative to them and then direct them to different electric fields and hence separate them. Sperms are very delicate structures and are likely to have their DNA damaged or tempered and hence get genetically modified and impaired and obviously various repercussions of such methodologies are nothing but well known. This will certainly have ominous fallouts for present and future generations.

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) represents a global health problem. It is an extremely common disease worldwide, affecting 10 to 25% of the population. AR constitutes approximately 55% of all allergies seen in India. However, in India, AR still does not receive the attention it deserves by both patients, as well as, clinicians. This hospital based cross sectional retrospective study was done on 2525 patients who had attended E.N.T. OPD at a tertiary care hospital of Central India, with aim to study clinical profile and demographic factors of allergic rhinitis. Majority (72%) of the subjects were suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis and 28% from perennial allergic rhinitis. Majority of the subjects (62%) belonged to low income category, followed by Middle income category (25.6%), and rest were upper income category (12.4%). The study reveals most common symptom in seasonal allergic rhinitis is nasal obstruction (p=0.0001) and in perennial allergic rhinitis is sneezing (p=0.18) and rhinorrhea (p=0.01) and these results are statistically significant. The symptom of rhinorrhoea was frequently seen in allergic rhinitis patients. Also nasal obstruction was distinct feature which could easily show the presence of allergic rhinitis. It was found that sign of transverse crease can also help us to find cases of perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergic shiners and allergic salute were also mostly seen in patients of allergic rhinitis which can also help us to distinguish cases of various type of rhinitis. The disease was more commonly found in younger age group and low income category.

The environment contains various microbial agents that have potential of causing diseases. Immunity plays an important role of protecting body from various causative agents by recognizing foreign agent and eliminating them from the body but sometimes these immune system acts against self-antigens. Thus, resulting into auto-immune diseases which affects multiple organs including oral cavity. Knowledge of these diseases is not only important to diagnose the diseases but also helps in treatment. This review was undertaken to highlight the hematological investigations used to assess the autoimmune diseases presented with oral manifestations.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been discovered to induce strong angiogenic activity and proliferative capacity in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regenerative effect of bFGF with and without synthetic alloplastic bone graft (bioactive glass) in periodontal infrabony defects. Methods and Material: Following initial periodontal therapy, 16 systemically healthy patients in the age group 20-65 yrs., having bilateral intrabony defects, were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using a split mouth design i.e. Group A treated with bFGF and bone graft and Group B treated with bFGF with absorbable collagen sponge (ACS). All the clinical parameters and radiographic measurements were performed at baseline and at different time intervals following surgical therapy. Results: In both thegroups, all clinical and radiographic parameters statistically improved from baseline. There were statistically insignificant differences in the values of plaque and gingival indices of both groups, but reduction in probing pocket depth and attachment gain were statistically significantly higher in group A than in group B at 24th week from baseline. Gain in height of alveolar bone was statistically significantly higher in group A than in group B at all the time intervals Conclusions: Although, both interventions resulted in greater clinical and radiographic improvement at various follow up visits., but impregnation of bFGF onto a bioactive glass improved the efficacy of FGF-2, this combination has potential for clinical applications.

Background and purpose: Dengue virus is the fastest growing vector-borne disease today. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are an estimated 400 million dengue infections each year in over 125 countries. The purpose of the present study is to assess the level of Knowledge and Practice about Dengue Fever among people. Materials and Method: A Quantitative descriptive design was adopted for the study. Health centres were selected randomly and a total of 60 samples were selected using convenience sampling technique. Structured questionnaire with interview schedule and 5 point rating scale was used to collect the data. For analyzing the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) were used. Results: The result revealed that 33(55%) samples had fair knowledge, 27(45%) had good knowledge on dengue fever, 57(95%) samples had good practice and only 3(5%) had very good practice on Dengue Fever. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the level of Knowledge was fair but their Practice was good among peopleto control and prevent Dengue fever.

Background: Specifically, poor cervical posture during sleep, which is believed to increase biomechanical stresses on the cervical spine structure, can produce cervical pain, stiffness, headache and scapular arm pain resulting in low quality of sleep. A neutral position of spine maintains cervical spine curvature prevents any cervical waking symptoms by minimizing end range positioning of spinal segments. Maintenance of normal cervical curve is a good cervical posture and will maintain a healthy neck. Normal lordosis with neck in neutral position with respect to rotation and side flexion leads to relaxed spinal cord. Alterations in the cervical posture can lead to headache, arm pain, maybe even mid back pain problems. So it is important to know about the type of pillow being used by the person. Foam pillows tend to retain their shape and have more bounce; they do not offer much support to the spine. The type of mattress a person uses also affects the cervical spine curvature. All these factors may lead to increased stresses on the cervical spine. Objectives: To analyse and compare the effect of improved sleeping posture with respect to cervical spine as an intervention to pharmacological treatment on a. Pain at rest and movement in cervical region. b. Ranges of motion of cervical flexion, extension, side flexion (left and right) and rotation(left and right). c. Tightness of trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levators, scalenes and pectorals in patients of cervical pain. Methodology: Patients coming to Orthopaedic OPD, GMCH Nagpur and complaining of cervical pain and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups. The patients were shown the proforma of study in a language they understood and their consent was taken. There was random allocation of subjects into two groups, that is, the patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were divided as per the following- Even number of patients were alloted to Group A and odd number to Group. They were assessed for the sleeping posture assumed by them during sleep by asking them about their sleeping posture as per the proforma and were asked to demonstrate their sleeping posture on the treatment table. The patients were enquired about type of pillow used by them, surface on which they slept and the position of neck in Supine, Side lying and Prone. Group A and Group B received pharmacological drugs namely analgesics, antacids and calcium as prescribed by the orthopaedician. Group B was put on an intervention of modified sleeping posture and head support conjunction with pharmacological treatment. Pre intervention measures of cervical range of motion, pain at rest and movement and tightness of the muscles were taken at the start of the study and post intervention measures were taken 7 days later for Group A and B. The results of the two were compared. Results: The relief in pain at rest and movement post 7 days for Group A was not significant but was significant for Group B. However the cervical range of motion and tightness of muscle showed no significant difference pre and post intervention for Group A and B. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that modification in the sleeping posture as an intervention to pharmacological treatment seems to be better at relieving cervical pain but seems to haveno effect on increasing on range of motion of cervical spine and relieving the tightness of the muscles, specifically trapezius, pectorals, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, levators.

So far dental implants have taken over the field of dentistry as the most approachable method for replacement of missing teeth wherever possible. However as newer advances are being made to combat the existing hurdles of aesthetics and durability, a newer material for dental implants has been in revision. Zirconia has emerged as a new material for dental implants. This review article aims to review Zirconia based on its aesthetics, mechanical properties, surface roughness standards, biocompatibility, integration, bacterial colonization, soft tissue responses and compare it to the existing widely used titanium implants. Based on the reviews we conclude that zirconia has earned a valuable place in the field of dental implantology and further research and awareness of the same needs to be done to enhance the treatment standards provided to patients.

Background: Cutaneous malignancies are relatively rare in Indian subcontinent compared to western part of the world. Rarity of its incidence could be due to protective effects of melanin.Though it is the largest organ by surface area, occurrence of cutaneous malignancy is quite less compared to other organs. Presentation is usually earlier due to the fact that it is easily noticeable. Objective:To determine the age and sex incidence, common site of presentation, type of histology,optimal management and its outcome, also avoidable risk factors. Methods: It is retrospective analysis of all the cutaneous malignancies diagnosed and managed in the department of surgical oncology at tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. Results: With this background, we present 15 cases of cutaneous malignancies which were managed over period of 3 years.3 cases were melanoma and 9 cases were squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma was the final diagnosis in another 3cases. Surgical excision with adequate margins were done in 13 cases and palliative chemotherapy was given in one case and no cancer directed treatment was given in a case which had extensive skin lesion on scalp with poor general condition of the patient. Conclusion: Increasing incidence of cutaneous malignancy should alert the clinicians to create awareness regarding warning signs of skin cancer. Nonsurgical options needs to be considered especially in syndromic conditions and inoperable situations. Surgery with adequate margins offers the best option of cure.

Background: Some psychiatric disorder has been started during childhood. Often they have long duration of illness and if not treated it affect children’s ability in achievement of school, developing relationship in society and family and lead to significant impairment in personal life. Assessment of psychiatric behavior and treat co morbid psychological condition may lead to improved functioning and prevent chronology. Aims • Assessment of Psychiatry behaviour in pediatric patients of 6-12 years age. • Early recognition and prevention of impairment in social-occupational and interpersonal life of their future. Material and Methods: Study was carried out in C.U. Shah medical college and Hospital Surendranagar .The participants were the pediatric patients who were attending the pediatric OPD. Study was carried out in 2 month .The guardian of the patients were explained about the study, consent was taken and then information gathered regarding behavior from guardian. The patients were detailed evaluate for behavior and mental status examination was done. The diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 was used for clinically assess the behavior problem. Results: Study included 50 patients of which 30 were male children and 20 were female children. The age of participants was 6-12yrs.The behavior problem was found to be 36%. Male children were found to have learning disability, school refusal, headache, ADHD, mood disorder (Bipolar disorder), intellectual disability. Female children were found to have conversion disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, depression, Obsessive and compulsion spectrum disorder, school refusal. Conclusion: As early assessment of psychiatric problem and behaviour prevent chronology of disorder, and provide appropriate treatment through psycho-educating the parents about illness and it’s prevention.

Introduction: Head and cervical posture relationship has been a concern for many years because changes in head posture and its functional alterations can be related to craniofacial morphology. Changes in head posture also affect the upper and lower lip pressure which can presumably influence the inclination of the incisor .So, the aim of the present study was to investigate association between head posture, dental arch crowding and inclination of incisors. Material and Methods: The sample for the study consists of 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) were divided into two groups: group 1 crowding larger than 2mm (50 males & 50 females) and another with crowding smaller or equal to 2mm (50 males & 50 females) as determined by Nance space analysis. Difference in variables studied on lateral radiograph which was taken with subjects made to stand in Natural Head Position were analyzed using Student’s unpaired “t” test. Results: The results shows significant association of head posture with dental arch crowding and inclination of incisors (p<0.05). Conclusions: (1) There is significant association between an increase in craniocervical angulation and dental arch crowding and inverse relationship between an increase in craniocervical angulation and inclination.

Background: Furcation area offer unique and challenging problems, creates situations in which routine periodontal procedures are somewhat limited and special procedures are generally required. Materials and Methods: This study is comparative evaluation of DFDBA+ CGF +PRF versus open flap debridement with PRF in grade II/III furcation with follow up of 12 months. The study population included 30 subjects, who visited the out-patient department of periodontics, Govt Dental College and Hospital Srinagar with complaint of bleeding and sensitivity, diagnosed as chronic periodontitis. After conducting routine examinations, Relative attachment and probing depth were measured. The measurement of Relative attachment was made with ocllusal stent as guiding value. Probing depth was made with UNC-15 periodontal probe. Furcation depth was measured with Probe (UNC-15). Furcation defect was filled with CGF+PRF+DFDBA in test group and open flap debridement with PRF in control group, flap was coronally advanced in both test and in control group. Results: Concentrated growth factor and PRF with DFDBA have been shown to be a promising and successful approach for the treatment of furcation defect. Its gaining clinical attachment significantly manages both the gingival recession and furcation involvement simultaneously. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, significant improvement with autologous CGF+PRF+DFDBA implies its role as a regenerative material in the treatment of furcation defects.

Background: Simulation in laparoscopic training has gained wide acceptance but long-term retention after basic skills training for novices has seldom been explored, and transfer to more complex surgical interventions remains controversial. Objective: To assess (i) skills retention at more than six months after initial training and (ii) skills transfer to a simulated surgical procedure. Methods: Prospective comparative study of simulated surgical training. Nine six-year medical students had two training sessions on the Simbionix LAP Mentor™'s "basic skills". They completed a 4-task workshop six months later as well as a cholecystectomy module. For the latter, their results were compared to those of another group of 9 participants who had never trained on laparoscopic simulation. Evaluation was assessed by the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) global rating scale and by LAP Mentor™'s metrics. Results: For basic skills training, the median OSATS score improved from 17 (10-21) during the first session to 25 (2-27) in the second one (p=0.009), remaining at 24 (19-26) in the third session 6 months later. These results were consistent with metrics scores such as total time and path length of instruments. As regards completion of the cholecystectomy, median OSATS scores were comparable between trained and novice participants (21 vs. 23), and LAP Mentor™'s metrics even showed a tendency towards better performance for novices. Conclusions: Laparoscopic high fidelity simulation seems efficient for long-term retention even after short training, but has not proved to be effective on skills transfer to more complex surgical procedures for non-experienced students.

Background: Maternal Mortality and Morbidity remains high even though several national programmes exists for improving maternal and child health in India. This could be related to several factors, an important one being is non-utilisation or poor utilisation of antenatal health-care services, especially among rural population. Objectives: To estimate the utilisation of maternal health care services in the rural area. To assess the factors influencing their utilisation of maternal health care services. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study among 284 mothers in the field practice area of Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, whom were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data regarding the utilisation were obtained using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: In this study 35% were illiterates, nearly 60.21% have got registered with the Government sector, 59.51% of the mothers had four or more antenatal visits, 64.08% have received two doses of tetanus toxoid, and 73.24% have taken iron and folic acid tablets, proportional of women who received full antenatal care is 41.2%. The factors which were identified to have statistically significant association with better utilisation of antenatal health services were age >30 years, higher educational status, skilled workers, those having their first child and higher socioeconomic class. Conclusion: From this study, it had been identified the fact that antenatal health care services were not utilised fully by the population in the rural area of Kanchipuram district. So, strengthening of awareness regarding the maternal health care services and its importance of reducing the maternal mortality and morbidity is still required in rural area of Tamil Nadu.

Background: Substance abuse has a broader perspective than an individual, emphasizing the role of society and culture. And the relevance of substance abuse in medical students is of more growing concern. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice substance abuse among medical students. Materials and Methods: A Cross Sectional study was done among 200 medical students with predesigned questionnaire. Respondents were graded in to good knowledge and attitude, if they responded to at least 50% of the questions correctly and poor knowledge and attitude if less than 50% of the medical students fail to answer. Practice was reported good among students, if more than 80% of them were not consuming the substances and bad if about 30% were involved in substance usage. Results: Majority of students have adequate knowledge and positive attitude towards substance abuse. 4.5% students are males who were found to be smokers. None of them use alcohol or any form of addictive drugs. Conclusion: Since few of the students are smokers adequate counseling sessions have to be arranged .Some do not have adequate knowledge regarding substance abuse, so more training sessions need to be incorporated into medical curriculum.

On a global basis, the combined agricultural emissions of Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) account for about 20% of the annual increase in radiative forcing of climate change. Quantification of these gas emissions from soil is difficult because of their large spatial and temporal variability. Field experiments were carried out at Tamil Nadu, South India during 2010-2011 quantifies the green house gas (GHG) emissions from conventional flooded rice – rice and futuristic maize – rice cropping systems with minimum tillage. Futuristic system reduced seasonal methane emission in rabi rice by ten times (66.6 to 6.5 kg CH4 ha-1) as compared to conventional rice-rice system. Significant amounts of N2O emission were also observed during the early stage of the kharif rice under conventional system (9.98 kg N2O ha-1) that might probably due to nitrate accumulation from previous black gram crop. Seasonal N2O emission in maize increased from 2.47 to 8.07 kg N2O ha-1with increasing N levels from 0 to 300 Kg N ha-1. The CO2 emissions measured were only from dark respiration since opaque chambers were used. It was only in the maize plots that significant CO2 emissions were detected. The CO2 emission rates were higher at initial stage of crop growth with maximum rate of 10066 mg m-2 d-1. System rice equivalent yield increased by around 58% under the futuristic as compared to the conventional system mainly due to better rice yields during rabi rice under the futuristic as compared with the conventional system.

The issue of the mechanism of biogas flow through the adhesive bed was described and flow analogy was made for the porous structure model. With regard to the problem of biogas flow through the adhesive bed, the process issue was recognized in the description of the mechanism of gas movement in the porous structure for the development of a new generation of alternative energy sources, especially biogas production from swine slurry. The paper presents preliminary results of experimental tests in the field of hydrodynamics evaluation of biogas flow through an adhesive bed. The gas flow resulting from overpressure forcing this flow was assumed as the basis for the assessment of hydrodynamics of biogas flow. The measurement results indicate a clear influence of the flow resistance in relation to the gas permeability coefficient of the bed.

The present study attempt to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies in tuber extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottl. and Willd.) Hook. f. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of samples in different solvent extract confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like Carbohydrates, Saponins, Tannins, Flavonoid, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Proteins, Phytosterol, Steroids, Phenols and Terpenoids. The solvent Petroleum ether, Benzene, Acetone, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and aqueous extract showed good results. Disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity against Salmonella tiphy, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica. It has been observed that the samples in different solvent tuber extract showed antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities by the formation of inhibitory zone. It may be attributed due to the presence of phytochemicals and may be used as antimicrobial agents.

Evalation is defined as a process which enables to get an award on developed competences in order to decide or to act. This study has bean performed upon the analysis of the evalution of reading activity concerning the Elementary Primary Studies Certificate (Certificat d’Etudes Primaires Elémentaires). It starts from hypothesis: there is a gap between the Institutional prescription about the evaluation of reading activity and the reality of that evaluation concerning the Elementary Primary Studies Certificate. Some inquiries have been hold through semi-controlled conversations in Brazzaville with both scolar Circumspections of Madibou and Makélékélé I, by Inspectors, Heads of scolar circumpections, Inspectors in charge of pédagogical activities, Principal Pédagogical Counsellors, Headmasters and active teachers with a sample of forty (40) topics. The results obtained through this research show that the oral examination of reading is not done upon the basis of protocole of evaluation officially prescribed with non-standard tools. The examiners oral instructions. By the same token, scientic community should provide to examiners a scale of marks about reading. They should first be trained before the oral evaluation not without developing their intellectual intuition.

Aims: This study was carried out to examine the fungi associated with the spoilage of some fruits in Wuse Market, Abuja. Materials and Result: In this study, five different kinds of fruits were collected from Wuse market and examined for Fungi growth using Potato dextrose agar and the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi was confirmed using Koch's postulate. Six fruits spoilage fungi were isolated and identified as follows: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger complex, Mucor racemosus, Mucor species and Fusarium species Aspergillus species had the highest occurrence in various fruits with the frequency 52% followed by Mucor species with frequency 33% and Fusarium species had the least occurrence with the frequency of 13%.However, more than one fungus colonies were found associated with some fruits sample like Pineapples and Apples while fruits like oranges and watermelon had just one colony of fungi isolated from them and no fungi were isolated from fruits like tomatoes. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Mucor species were isolated from fruits like Apples. Mucor species and Mucor racemosus from Oranges, A. niger complex, Mucor species, Fusarium species and A. flavus from pineapples, and Fusarium species was found isolated from one out of three of the watermelon samples. Conclusion: The pathogenicity test revealed that each fungus isolate was capable of causing plant diseases in healthy fruits and otherwise poses a potential environmental health hazard and less desirable for human consumption. Significance and Impact of Study: The alarming rate of food poisoning in Nigeria necessitates that more awareness is created to mitigate the rise in this malady. This research conducted in the metropolitan market of Abuja serves as a public awareness to the populace and also the regulatory bodies, the possible impact of consumption of unhealthy fruits.

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a precious timber plant which has been serving the world’s population since human civilization. It (S. album L.) grows in sandy alluvial or laterite soil having adequate edaphic as well as environmental factors. But it ensures its survivility when host plants are available in its surrounding root zone. It has also been found that host is no more required for its growth and development after 3-4 years. Demand for sandalwood and oil is increasing and the gap between demand and supply is widening. To bridge the gap, afforestation programme is aimed at for increasing the productivity. Considering all these facts a venture was undertaken to conduct an experiment for its mass cultivation in the forest gardens under Bankura(S) and Bankura(N) Forest Divisions in West Bengal. The aim and objective of the study is to observe the influence of soil nutrients of the locations on the growth and development of Santalum album L. in this tract.

Dry dressing treatments in harvest fresh mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.). R. Wilczek) seeds (cv. chaiti) with chemicals (viz., bleaching powder, ferulic acid, Iodinated calcium carbonate, Calcium carbonate), pharmaceutical formulations (viz., aspirin), finely powdered crude plant materials (viz., red chilli powder, amla powder ) and wet treatment (viz., soaking-drying, moist sand conditioning drying and moist sand conditioning soaking drying) effectively controlled the loss of seed deterioration after subsequent storage under ambient conditions. The field performance and productivity of dry and wet treated seeds were also significantly improved than the untreated control. Among the treatment, amla, red chilli powder and ferulic acid have shown better results in extending longevity and increasing field performance and productivity. Physiological and biochemical studies revealed that a significantly reduced leakage of electrolytes and sugar along with lower volatile aldehyde production and higher dehydrogenase enzyme activity by the dry and wet treated seeds than the untreated control after subsequent accelerated ageing. On the basis of the results, pre-storage dry treatments with amla powder @ 2g/kg of seed, red chilli powder @ 1g/kg of seed and ferulic acid @ 500mg/kg of seed may be suggested for improved storability and field performance of mung bean seeds.

On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, an analysis of the orientation of structural interactions was carried out. In the systems in which the interaction proceeds along the potential gradient (positive work), the resultant potential energy is found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of corresponding energies of subsystems - there is a corpuscular mechanism. In the systems in which the interactions proceed against the potential gradient (negative performance) the algebraic addition of their masses, as well as the corresponding energies of subsystems is performed - there is a wave mechanism. Act of quantum action expressed via Plank’s constant is narrowed to the energy equilibrium-exchange redistribution between the corpuscular and wave processes, that is demonstrated via the angular vector of such motion. Еnergy characteristics of functional states of bio-systems are defined basically by P-parameter values of atom first valence electron. The principles of stationary biosystem formation are similar to the conditions of wave processes in the phase. Under the condition of the minimum of such interactions, the pathological (but not stationary) biostructures containing the molecular hydrogen can be formed.

The main objective of this study is to review the present marketing mix applies particularly to the marketing. This study provides an idea to the marketers and can be used as tools to assist them in pursuing their marketing objectives. The survey research design method was used in this study which involves using a self-design questionnaire in collecting data from sixty 30 respondents. All respondents are using products form OFFICINA for several months. The instrument used in this study is a close-ended questionnaire that was designed by the researchers. The result showed satisfaction level of customers with different marketing mix elements of OFFICINA. Subsequently, recommendations were made to the management of OFFICINA (BD) LTD that they should continue produce superior products; charge competitive prices, position appropriately, promote widely, and provide other distinctive functional benefits to customers.

This study has examined the effect on employee participation in decision making and its impact. The implications of this study include the need for manufacturing firms to demonstrate high level of commitment to employee involvement in decision making for performance enhancement. Data were generated by means of questionnaires. The sample for the study was 160. Out of the 160 questionnaires 150 were found to true and other to be flaw. The studies were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression analysis and chi-square test. The findings also reveal the involvement of participating firms in employee involvement in decision making.

The semiconductor materials adapted to the tropical zone according to their optoelectronic properties and especially their gap energies and their molar composition were chosen. To cope with the low efficiency encountered in single junction solar cells, these materials were used in the choice of a geometry of a Ga0.67In0.33P/GaAs/Ga0.70In0.30As tri-junction solar cell adapted to our area study. We have made the optimization of this solar cell efficiency by taking into account only the gap energies of the materials constituting the sub-cells and the temperature of the cell as the only design variables while setting the other parameters. An analytical model has been proposed for this purpose to determine the output parameters of the cell namely: the open circuit voltage (Voc), the short circuit current density (Jsc), the fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency (ƞ).A conversion efficiency found after optimization of the tandem cell was reported and compared to that of literature. The influence of the temperature on these parameters was studied and a coefficient of variation of the voltage as a function of the temperature of - 6.7mV /° K and the decrease of the efficiency (ƞ) of - 0.072% / °K for the tri-junction solar cell were found.

The conservation of Giant Panda has the potential to support various factors such as increase in protecting Giant Panda from exclusivity and economic perspectives especially tourism revenue in ecotourism and conservation (Ahmad et al., 2016). Findings of this study focus to develop a new measurement scale for locals’ perception about Giant Panda conservation. Previous studies on wildlife conservation perception were combining with newly found factors through local community to develop a new measurement scale. Data were analyzed through factors analysis. Significant variables found, extracted and regrouped accordingly to eight (8) factors groups and generated a new measurement scale. As a result, 35 statements were significantly contributed to determining the locals’ perception on Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC). The scale on locals’ perception on conservation of Giant Panda would be indispensable to conduct further studies.

The wild development of multimedia content is pushing forward the worldview of cloud-based media facilitating nowadays. Due to developing time of web and the ease of using it, the copyright assurance and confirmation of content has become exceptionally imperative issue. To unravel the issue of copyrights, digital watermarking has been used over quite a while. Still, the issue of secured outsourcing isn't completely illuminated since replicating media substance is nearly cost-free, and the authorized clients afterward redistribute the media content misguidedly. Therefore, it is imperative to bestow secure cloud-based media sharing with the competence of tracing illegal content redistribution. In this paper, a brief introduction to digital watermarking and their techniques are given. Also, we studied all the previous methods for detecting the illegitimate content redistribution and reviewed their limitations. To improve the security of the content and for preventing and detecting the content leakage, we give a brief idea about a new proposed solution- cloud based secure content sharing application with the media player for halting the unauthorized access.

Cloud computing become more popular over the world. It provides services over the Internet. Cryptographic techniques provides protection for data of users in public cloud, but there are some issues, such as secure data group sharing and fine-grained access control of time-sensitive data. In this paper, we proposed a secure corporate cloud based data sharing system for employees in which multiple companies can use cloud document sharing system. In our system we proposed a novel technique of encryption in which we are combining broad cast encryption technique and Attribute based encryption technique with each other. Along with the security of the system we proposed auto leakage control system to prevent the document leakage before release time. Here, we are using identity based data group sharing scheme, in which data owner can send encrypted message over a group of receivers at one time by specifying these receivers’ identities.

We proposed a secure cloud-based application to enhance revocable attribute-based encryption technique. Along with it to boost the security of the document we proposed a modified AES algorithm with some pre-encryption modifications in document to make system more secure and efficient. In our paper first, there is designing of a revocable attribute-based encryption (RABE) scheme with some modification in previous RABE algorithm together with the characteristics of ciphertext relegation by some effort and exclusively combining some techniques to scale down the computation overhead. Then there is presentation of fine-grained access control together with data sharing mechanism for on-demand services along with dynamic user groups in the cloud. Specifically, in this paper the main focused on advancement of RABE scheme which plays an important role in cloud-based application. Furthermore, in this user revocation there is new concept of addition and deletion of users. The comparative data proves that our proposed innovation is more effective and scalable than existing one.

The Different mathematical function gives analysis of equation for next sequence of order in positive and negative mode in expansion of the system consequent of elemental method for 1st order is continued with 2nd order finite conduction mode as alpha functions with system identified specific functions. Regularity of esteemed function gives variation of real function and constant function with study factor in simpler tends exponents solution starts from first margin point and last margin point in multiplicative fundamental identity in applied mathematical system. The occurrence of object is positive identity with associate of functions in parabolic identifications in operator in radical system. Constant functions gives the variations and constants with lesser and greater sequence in finite elemental modes. Anova equation gives the length of exponential orders in domain and FCM modulation technique.

In the paper, a physics of the “poker” effect was investigated experimentally and discussed by authors. Some unusual effects were discovered during experiments when heated end of the probe was quenched in an electrolyte of the optimal concentration. It’s impossible to explain the results obtained using solutions of the parabolic heat conductivity equation. The physics of the “poker” effect can be clearly explained if to take into account an existence of free electrons in the metal and the instant formation of a double electric layer. It is shown that the discovered effects can be used for an accurate evaluation of the relaxation time, which is constant for a given material. The discovery can be also used for predicting film boiling processes. A proposal is formulated to combine the evaluation of the material physical properties and Jominy curves. The importance of continuing further theoretical and experimental investigations in this field is underlined.

“The real cause of hunger is the powerlessness of the poor to gain access to the resources they need to feed themselves.”-Frances Moore Lappe India is primarily an agrarian country where around 55 percent of the population depending on agriculture as their livelihood. The very popular “Lal Bahadur Shastri’s slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan” highlighted and stressed the importance of farmers in the country. According to the 2011 census, around 68.84% of Indians lives in rural areas. Majority of people in India are still dependent on farming for their livelihoods. 54.6% of the total workforce in India (263 million, is engaged in the agriculture sector. The latest data shows that the sector contributes only 13.7 percent to the overall GDP of India, as compared to 52% in 1950- 51, highlighting that relative productivity in agriculture has declined dramatically.. Several economists have claimed that farmers are the most vulnerable group in the country. The misguided priority of the policy makers resulted in the collapse of agriculture sector in the country. The strategies of inclusive growth and financial inclusion are limited in papers only as far as the conditions of poor farmers are concerned. The farmers indebtedness is found to be the main cause behind farmers suicide in India The farmer’s suicide rates are much higher than that of others in the country.

Systematic Investment Plan is a recurring investment pattern. By implementing this style of investing, a great deal of risk can be reduced. The paper’s main objective is to understand how a systematic investment plan works and the importance of awareness of this style of investing amongst young inexperienced investors. It also shows how inculcating a disciplined routine of investing could decrease risk and help save a lot of money. Through primary data collection in this study we also try to understand the preference and choices of young investors and the risk they are willing to take. A detailed mathematical comparison is shown between a systematic investment plan and the traditional lump sum investing. Although it may affect the upside return too, majority of people who do not have advanced knowledge and working of the markets should make it a must to adopt this pattern of investing.

Beyond to highlighting on the public institutions organizational structure and the challenges of reform implementation in Ghana public sector agencies in this paper, the researchers emphasized their analysis in the previous empirical investigation and scholar literature(s). Samiatu S. (2010),George a. (2006), The study revealed that Ghana public institutions while having an organizational structure, there are still some threats as potential challenges to reforms implementation such as: lack of professional competence and skill, weak management information system, incompatible human and institutional capability, and limited finance and budget. Public institutions organizational structure whether well designed or change internal rules are not enough to foster ownership and promote sustainable reform. To secure an effective reform implementation, the reformer shall setup mechanisms which promote public agency capacity building to improve public sector performance.

Technological advancement and globalization have caused major changes in the world of economy as well as the traditional business model. The present study examined the influence perceived value, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust and perceived security towards online consumer repurchase intention among youths in Malaysia. A total of 200respondents responded to the questionnaires. Statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and Microsoft Excel system were used for the analysis of collected data. The result of the study shows there is a significant influence between perceived value, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived trust towards online consumer repurchase intention. Meanwhile there is no significant influence between security and online consumer repurchase intention. This study is very important as it contributes to extensive literature regarding the advancement of online business, which is expected to grab the attraction of other researchers to conduct research in the area.

Background: Children are essential assets of a country, because they are the future human potential required for its future development. Children belong to 5-15 years ago group are vulnerable because of their rapid growth rate. In the absence of parents, orphanages are an alternative, which provide care and support for these vulnerable children. An estimated 153 million children in the world are orphans. Being an orphan may make children more vulnerable to under nutrition as maternal and paternal level factors, and household food availability which are linked to child nutritional well – being are more likely to be inadequate. Objective: As there is a paucity of data on the nutritional status of the orphan children as a whole, especially among the Muslim population in India, we have conducted a preliminary study on the nutritional status (based on thinness) of the Muslim Orphan boys of Kolkata. Besides, it will also help to generate relevant information and data on health status of children living in orphanages. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 150 boys of the orphanage within the age groups of 8 to 15 years from Calcutta Muslim Orphanage, Kolkata, India. Results: Based on thinness, irrespective of grade, 32.0% boys of the studied participants were undernourished. Out of this, 2.0% orphan boys were severely undernourished (Grade III) and 9.3% were moderately undernourished whereas, 20.7% boys were in Grade I condition. Conclusion: Although, the prevalence of under nutrition as measured by low BMI for age (thinness) was not so alarming but, in comparison with other studied on orphan children from various countries, it is not in a healthy position and the result could be useful to nutrition policy makers and intervention planners to target children who are more vulnerable to under nutrition.

Background: The present study is the first of the genre in the upper course of Cavally. Objectives: It aims to make a systematic inventory of shrimps. Methods: Samplings were made on the upper portion of the river in a mining environment and then upstream and downstream of this area between September 2015 and August 2016. Shrimps were caught monthly using dip nets and keep nets. Results: Totally 1051 individuals were harvested. They belong to the families of Palaemonidae and Atyidae. Five valid species (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, M. macrobrachion, M. felicinum, M. thysi and M. dux) and five invalid species (Caridina sp, Macrobrachium sp1, M. sp2, M. sp3 and M. sp4) have been identified. Their distribution along the river seems to be negatively influenced by the mining area where fewer numbers species were recorded than those of the upstream and downstream sites. Conclusion: This study revealed the existence of new taxa for Côte d’Ivoire.

The main theme of the research paper is to highlight the challenges faced by the global community in Global prosperity and development. The study focuses on the Sustainable Development Goals. The objective of the research paper is to discuss the prim indicators of the development. The research has national and International significance. The research also discusses the pitfalls and hurdles to find out the Development Goals. This is the general phenomenon of the developing countries to meet the challenges like Poverty, Hunger, Health, and Education. The study also elaborates the importance of peace and Social Justice. The Research analyses the economic systems in this regard. The approach is descriptive and analytical. The original and secondary sources are used. The findings and suggestions are in the end.

The study determined how students assess the various components of their learning environment. It also identified how the learning environment affects students' lea rning achievement. A sample of 152 MBA students randomly selected from a population of Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu University, Pokhara University and Purbanchal University’s students. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis, Multicollinearity and F-test. Findings revealed that students could assess the four components that contribute to their academic performance, which is: curriculum activities (6 items), Management (10 items), learning process (6 items) and faculty (10 items) factors. The result showed that there is positive relationship between students’ achievement and curriculum activities learning styles, and faculty. The findings are discussed with a view to improve the quality of the learning environment and students’ achievement.

English teacher should think hard how to make the teaching process be interesting and lively in order to reach the goal of teaching. CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach) strategy is recommended to be applied in teaching writing especially writing composition, cause this strategy has three components; curriculum content, academic language and learning strategies that the teacher can combine them in the teaching with the five phases; preparation, presentation, practice, evaluation, and expansion. This study aims to investigate the effect of using CALLA instruction based on metacognitive writing module on 12th-grade students' achievement in Almazar secondary. The researcher used a quasi-experimental design, the participants in this study were assigned randomly into 2 group: experimental group (22) students in each and control group (22) students in each. The control groups studied the writing traditionally, while the experimental groups studied the writing through CALLA. A pre-test was administered to the groups to make sure that there were no significant differences between their performances in writing achievement and satisfaction achievement scale. Data were submitted to the independent Mann-Whitney U test followed by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test analysis. The results revealed the positive effect on the experimental group's writing performance. Mann-Whitney U test results are presented by the r value (r = -.872) showed that the effect was a large on students writing performance in experimental group. Meanwhile, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test results are presented The effect size of r = 0.630 represents a large effect on the students use of metacognitive strategies in writing. Therefore, CALLA model and metacognitive strategies are still practical and relevant to be used as the teaching approach in Jordanian English classes and hoped to improve the English language communication amongst the students in Learning environment.

Literacy is a sensitive indicator of cultural advancement of an area. It develops the personality and rationality of individuals, qualifies them to fulfil certain economic, political and cultural functions and, thereby, plays an active part in the socio-economic transformation of a society. According to the 2011, Census of India, Literacy has been defined as “A person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate”. Lack of literacy breaks the economic, political and all development process of that society or a region. Therefore, present study is focus on identifying spatio-temporal pattern of literacy in Jalgaon District. This study is to examine the tahsil-wise decadal literacy rate of Jalgaon District during 1991 to 2011. Jalgaon District is socio-economically one of the developed districts in Maharashtra. It has attained a relatively good position in literacy as compared to other districts of Maharashtra in 2011 i.e. Aurangabad Beed, Dhule, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Parbhani, Osmanabad, Solapur and Nandurbar Districts.

As paradoxical as it may seem, marriage and divorce are two very common terms in common parlance, but to be seen closely, few people can identify them well. This is perhaps due to both the conception and the practice of these two phenomena. Indeed, marriage is a data that over time and in the social environment is apprehended and practiced differently by the people. Divorce being intimately related to marriage follows this same logic. From this observation, one is straight line to question what is marriage today and by implication divorce? What are its duties? Its typologies? Its history and implications in terms of the family and the two individuals who contract it?. Through a purely documentary search and adopting Mendes ' approach that science does not derive its scientificity solely from a field investigation, our objective with regard to this article is to provide insight into the Concepts of marriage and divorce by analyzing the writings from different backgrounds. These two concepts are dealt with on the one hand from the social point of fact according to Durkheim (ways of doing and acting having a power of coercion on the individual) and on the other hand from the total social fact angle in reference to Mauss (social fact which affects all the society’s compartments).

Student Teaching Program (STP) caps the professional practice in the Teacher Education Curriculum. Hence, STP needs to be assessed in regards to the following components: Program Objectives, Administration, Supervision, Policies and Guidelines, Instructional Activities, and Methods of Assessment towards the development of Student Teaching Manual (STM). The study employed a descriptive method of research using a normative survey technique with documentary analysis. Unstructured interview was used to supplement the data. Results indicated that the level of effectiveness of STP in relation to its component was generally very effective except for policies and guidelines which is only effective. As rated by the stakeholders, supervision was consistently ranked 1st, very effective. It is therefore implied that opportunities for improvement of the implementation of STP could still be explored through the development of a Student Teaching Manual.

Computational Chemistry plays an important role in the research of new possible medicines. In this work, anti cancer activity and molecular docking analysis was carried out to study the effects of anthracene derivatives namely 9-Chloroanthracene and 2,6-Dimethoxyanthracene on effect of anticancer. The binding interactions in the targets active sites were reported. Results show that 9-Chloroanthracene and 2,6-Dimethoxyanthracene are promising leads, so the study of these compounds is recommended.

Education is one of the most powerful weapons that have no alternative to attack poverty, step up global development and identify the bad and good sides of the world. The development of any country relies largely on education particularly, on quality of education. The purpose of this study was to Assessing factors hindering attitude of students towards mathematics .Specifically, it was intended to investigate the relationship between achievement and attitude of secondary and preparatory school students in mathematics, to identify the existence of significant difference in attitude towards mathematics between male and female secondary and preparatory school students and to differentiate the most challenging component(s) of attitude in the selected secondary and preparatory schools in I/A/Boor. The research was designed in a descriptive survey method. Participants of the study were 341 grade 10 and 12 students of the selected schools and all mathematics teachers engaged in teaching the respective grades. Semi stratified, purposive and random sampling techniques were employed in order to select sample participants. Four instruments were used for data collection from sample students. Secondary data were used to assess achievements in mathematics. The findings of the assessment of secondary and preparatory school student s attitude towards mathematics in the selected schools indicated that at most of the sample students responses mean value greater than 3 for positively phrased statements and less than 3 for negatively phrased statements with respect to the three components of attitude. Data were also analyzed by using t-test for the assessment of attitude of male and female students. The results indicate that, there is no significant mean difference in attitude towards mathematics between male and female, as well as between secondary and preparatory school students. Moreover, it also implies that, the action (behavioral) component of attitude towards mathematics is relatively the most challenging area of secondary and preparatory school students in learning mathematics.

The North East Region (NER) constitutes eight states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. Its population of 45 million (2011 Census) constitutes 3.8% of country’s population. Rural Population of 327.71 lakh is 84.34% in NER as against 72.20% in India. Agriculture provides livelihood support to 70 % of region’s population. It produces only 1.5 % of country’s food grain production and continues to be a net importer of food grains even for its own consumption. Agricultural land including fallow is 22.20% as against 54.47% in India. Cultivators [41.61%] and agricultural labourers [13.07%] together constitute the majority of the workforce as against 31.65 % and 26.55% respectively in India. Land is held almost by all. Share of marginal and small farmers is 78.92 %.Land distribution is mostly egalitarian rooted in the principle of community way of living and sharing. This region is inhabited by 100 major tribes and immigrant communities. Due to topographical and environmental conditions this region is rich in biodiversity and is one of the hot spots of the world. Mostly tribal people and immigrant communities depend on farming and forest products for their food and livelihood. Local people have been maintaining traditional agricultural practices, agro-biodiversity and knowledge. Generally farmers practice jhum or shifting agricultural system with other sedentary agricultural practices. Other agricultural system are wet rice cultivation which is practiced in valley land and Aji system where rice and millet are cultivated with fish in deep water. In valley land mono cropping as well as mixed cropping is practiced by farmers. Terrace land cultivation system introduced by government could not get wide acceptability by farmers due to high input of labour and fertilizers. Farmers also have cultivation systems such as home-gardens and agro-forestry that link their families to the forest ecosystem. Recently government and nongovernmental organization have introduced agri-horti-silvipastoral system for good harvest and yield. The current scenario of agriculture, horticulture, irrigation, institutional infrastructure-suggests strategic action plan is needed to accelerate the process of agricultural development.

The purpose of this mixed-methods sequential explanatory study is to explore the perceptions of ESL parents regarding the use of educational mobile applications to help ESL elementary school students develop their language skills. Quantitative data were collected via surveys taken by a sample of 72 ESL parents from Unity Point Elementary School, Carbondale, Illinois. Later, qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews from eight ESL parents from Unity Point. Participants reported positive perceptions of using educational mobile applications to develop the language skills of students. This study provides some recommendations for the successful integration of technology in English learning and teaching.

Introduction: Cervical Corpectomy is a rewarding surgery for Cervical compressive Myelopathy. Increased signal intensity in T2 weighted MRI indicates significant prognosis. Materials and Methods: About 100 patients of cervical compressive myelopathy, who underwent cervical corpectomy, from June 2014 to June 2018 at "The Institute of Neurosurgery, Madras medical College, Chennai, were retrospectively studied. Pre-operative MRI signal changes and post operative functional outcome by Nuricks grade were analysed. Results: Increased signal intensity is seen in about 83 patients. T1 weighted MRI signals does not carry significance. Increased signal intensity in T2 weighted MRI is an independent predictor of functional outcome. Conclusion: Pre-operative T2 weighted signal changes helps to assess the postsurgical outcome following cervical corpectomy. Subject Area: Neurosurgery.

Surgical Reconstruction of the lost interdental papilla is the most difficult and elusive goals of periodontics in the field of reconstruction, regeneration and esthetic aspect of periodontal therapy .Loss of interdental papilla could result in patient complaints such as phonetic problems, food impaction, functional problems and esthetic concern. It is clinically represented by open embrasures and is often referred to as the "black triangle". Periodontal plastic surgery offers both surgical and non surgical approaches in the treatment of "Black triangle .Treatment of marginal tissue recession, excessive gingival display, deficient ridges, ridge collapse, and esthetic defects around teeth and implants are some of the esthetic problems associated with the interdental papilla that have to be corrected in todays scenario which has been discussed in this

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of three commercially available mouth rinses containing chlorhexidiene , herbal &sodium fluoride-triclosan- xylitol respectively against salivary bacteria, streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methodology- A sample of 60 subjects was selected from the single school of Jodhpur city and was randomly equally divided into 4 groups. The subjects were instructed to rinse the mouthwash 10 ml of mouthwash for one minute twice daily for fifteen days. Number of colony of Streptococcus mutans were counted by using Mitis Salivarius agar plate, at the beginning and at the end of the study period. Inter group and intra group comparisons were done. Intra group comparisison was assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test (non-parametric equivalent to paired‘t’ test) whereas the difference between three groups was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis Annova. Results: In the present study, no statistically significant difference was found between the three mouthwashes with regard to their efficacy in reducing Smutans. Conclusion – All the three commercial available mouthwashes are equally potent in reducing s mutans counts effectively.

Acanthus ilicifolius is very potential mangrove plant species. Traditionally used in treatment of several diseases (Hepatoprotective, Anticancer and antimicrobial). The present study was carried out to investigate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical profile of leaves of A. ilicifolius. The leaves powder was successively extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents. Results preliminary phytochemical analysis for carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins, steroids and phytosteroids, phylobatannins, anthraquinones and phenols both solvent extracts. Whereas, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, quinones, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and phytosteroids, phylobatannins and anthraquinones were deficient in A. ilicifolius. Also, cardiac glycosides, were absent in only ethyl acetate extract. In the case of quantitative phytochemical analysis studies highly observed in total phenolics and followed by total flavonoids, total tannins, and total antioxidants. It can be concluded that the species is effective in anti-oxidant anticancer and anti-microbial potential effects.

Marine soil sample from different depths at two different sites were collected and all the samples were subjected for the analysis of the actinomycetes diversity. This reseach revealed that costal region of Cuddalore to Rameswaram is a potential source for wide spectrum of antimicrobial and anticancer metabolite producing actinomycetes. Findings of the present study conclude that marine environment actinobacteria are the potential ecosystem for antagonistic actinobacteria which deserves for bioprospecting. Isolation of actinomycetes from marine sediment of Cuddalore costal region to Rameswaram was successfully achieved. Screening of the actinomycete strains for antimicrobial activity shows positive results and one of the most promising potential isolate was selected and partially Characterized by followed International streptomyces project. The isolate NKC2 was aerobic, Gram-positive and grew well on PDA. Aerial mycelium was grey to black; basal mycelium yellowish orange; reverse side of the colony yellow. Light yellow diffusible pigment was produced; no melanin was produced. Tolerated 0-10% NaCl level but grew well at 2% NaCl concentration. It can grow in a wide range of pH 4-12, with optimum growth at pH 7 and 9. Growth in different temperatures showed that growth occurred between 20-35ºC, with optimum at 27ºC. The isolate also hydrolysed lipid, casein and starch and catslase positive. Utilised wide range of sugars as sole source of carbon.

Perforations of tympanic membrane are a common cause for seeking otologic consultation, the etiology being infectious, traumatic or iatrogenic. Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane using various types of tissue grafts (e.g. temporalis fascia, perichondrium, cartilage etc.) by various researchers by using various techniques is generally accepted. Surgery however has its own inherent morbidity, besides being expensive and time consuming. Failure rates increase with history of recurrent infections and revision myringoplasty.Considering the above factors, chemical cauterization using TCA of margins of perforation with paper patching of perforation , not only avoids the above mentioned complications, but is cost effective and time saving for both the doctor and the patient. The most widely used chemical for closure is trichloroacetic acid (TCA).The purpose of this study was to report the results of chemical cauterization with TCA and paper patch myringoplasty performed as an out-patient procedure. This study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital ( SHKM GMC NUH, Haryana, India) from november 2017 to june 2018.Patients with small central perforation involving single quadrant of pars tensa not exceeding 4 mm in diameter ( estimated using calipers under microscope) with AB gap < 40 db were selected. Under microscope, the margins of perforation were de-epithelialised with 50% TCA. Cigarette paper patch (pre-sterilized by placing in ethylene oxide gas chamber) was trimmed to provide approximately 1-2 mm overlapping margins along the periphery of the perforation.

Background: The main cause of polycystic ovary disease has not been established, there are only hypotheses dictate its etiopathogenesis, environmental factor is one of these theories. Objective of research: To test the relation between bisphenol A (BPA) and poly- cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs) and to evaluate the impact of BPA exposure on ovarian reserve of infertile women. Patients and methods: One hundred and sixty infertile women, 80 of whom were non PCOs and the other 80 women were PCOs, selected from outpatient's clinic, after they met inclusion and exclusion criteria. PCOs cases were selected according to Rotterdam criteria (2003). All the participants, at 3 day of cycle were subjected to 1-Venous blood sample for hormonal assay to FSH, LH, TSH, E2, AMH, and serum prolactin. 2- Urine sample to detect BPA and 3- Transvaginal U/S to detect the size of the uterus, ovarian volume and number of AFCs. Results: There was a highly significant increase in ovarian volume, FSH, LH and E2 hormones and PBA levels in PCOs group in comparison to non PCOs group, p<0.001.But there was no significant difference between the studied groups in AFCn, serum prolactin, TSH, and serum AMH hormone,p >0.05. In PCOs group, there was a direct correlation between BPA and age, r= 0.276, p =0.013* .But there was an inverse correlation between BPA and each of AFCn and AMH in PCOs & non PCOs groups as follows, r= -0.245, p=0.029*and r= -0.521, p =0.017* & r=-0.251, p=0.024*,r=-1.000,p=0.000* respectively. The crude model, a unit increase in BPA was associated with a significant lower of 0.656 in AFCn (_ = -0.656, 95% CI = (0.518, – 0.794; p = 0.026*). Similar relation was found in the adjusted model (_ = - 0.660, 95% CI = -0.509 – 0.760); p = 0.031*). While adjusting other characteristic data, there was significant decrease of --0.790 in AMH hormone (= --0.790), 95% CI = (--0.624 – 0.957), p = <0.001**. Conclusion: Urinary BPA is increased in infertile women, PCOs and non PCOs groups, implying that BPA may influence the hormonal profile of infertile women. As result of a higher significant increase of PBA level in PCOs group in comparison to non PCOs group, this indicates that BPA may be an environmental issue or cofactor implicated in the pathogenesis of PCOs. Furthermore, the association between BPA exposure and lower of antral follicles count and AMH level in infertile women, suggests that BPA may impair human ovarian function, reserve, and fecundity.

Any nation can advance, improve and develop to reach the zenith of success if it relies on its greatest treasure i.e. the children. Adolescents growing into youth if guided properly will channelize their boundless energy for the well- being of society and ultimately to the nation also. Maximum utilisation of this precious resource can be possible by providing love, care, mutual respect and support from parents, good nurturing environment at home and the concern and trust of all. Children, brought up in such environment, feel secure and optimist. Further, the encouragement of parents boosts and makes them mentally alert enabling them to think better for their future goals. Generally it is believed that a child gets education from schools and colleges only. But the truth is somehow different; there is a variety of sources from which the child receives education.

Background: Depression is an extremely common illness affecting people of all ages, genders, different socioeconomic groups and religions in India and all over the world. Globally, an estimated 322 million people were affected by depression in 2015.Since ancient times, India, has given importance to the health of people and has highlighted the need for a physically and mentally healthy society. The maxim, “there is no health without mental health” underlines the fact that mental health is an integral and essential component of health. Mental health, hither to neglected, is now recognised as a critical requirement and is engaging the attention of policy-makers, professionals and communities in India and across the globe.1 Aims &Objectives: To find out the Prevalence of depression among patients attending outpatient department in pacific medical college and hospital, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in outpatient department in pacific medical college and hospital, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Adult male and females attending outpatient department were included and psychotic, critically ill patients were excluded. Results: Out of the 180 study participant’s majority are females (63%). The Prevalence of depression in the current study is 66%. 34.45% of males and 65.55% of females among the study group are depressed. 57% of unemployed participants are depressed. Conclusion: The study shows the importance of routine screening for depression in all patients in all healthcare settings and implementation of intervention for proper management and prevention of depression in those patients.

Aim: To evaluate the smile aesthetics in central Indian population. Materials and Methods: Static photographs of posed smiles were taken in natural head position, with camera lens perpendicular to the occlusal plane. The following smile parameters were quantified using Adobe Photoshop ruler software: • Maxillary incisor exposure (mm) • Smile index (SI) (mm) • Smile arc • Most posterior maxillary tooth visible • Anterior height of the smile (%) • Posterior height of the smile (%) Statistical Analysis: The data obtained through questionnaire was synchronized and analyzed statistically. The software used in the analysis was SPSS 17.0 version. Conclusion: The dentist’s knowledge of the smile aesthetics among a particular population is essential while restoring a patient’s intraoral harmony so as to achieve functional and aesthetic balance. Clinical significance: The knowledge of particular parameters are important for comprehensive diagnosis treatment planning and execution for the same in the given population.

Six years old male child known case of β – Thalessemia Major from 6 months of age, who is on repeated blood transfusions admitted with failure to thrive, breathlessness and reduced activity. Complete investigation was done for this child who showed microcytic hypochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding and clotting time, abnormal liver function test and Tricuspid regurgitation grade III with moderate pulmonary hypertension and cardiomegaly. With the above high risk complications the child was posted for elective splenectomy and managed successfully.

Background: It is well known that dental fear is a common phenomenon among children and adolescents. CFSS-DS is the most widely used scale for measuring dental fear in children. Objectives: To investigate the agreement between parental rating of dental fear and self-rating of their 6-12-year-old children and to assess the relation of dental fear with child’s age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among primary school children between 6 and 12 years old, in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. A total number of 536 child/mother pairs were enrolled. The child version of CFSS-DS was filled by students in school setting. While, the parental version of the CFSS-DS was filled at home by child’s mother on behalf of them. Results: The mean dental anxiety score reported by the children was (29.88 ± 12.49), whereas the parents’ assessment of their children was (27.31± 7.77), (P= 0. 001). The intraclass correlation coefficient between the child and parental version of CFSS-DS was 0.25. The mean dental fear score reported by males was (27.21 ± 11.99) and by females (31.65 ± 1349), (P=0.001). Parents of low anxious children overestimated their children’s fear, while parents of high anxious children underestimated their children's fear. The most fearful dental items reported by the children and their parents were injections, the dentist drilling and choking. Conclusions: Poor agreement in dental fear assessment between parents and their 6-12-years-old children, with a tendency of parents to underestimate their children dental fear. Female children scored significantly higher dental fear than males.

Introduction: In Mexico, one of the main causal agents of nosocomial infections belong to the genus Staphylococcus, bacteria that in many cases have multiresistance to antibiotics and also produce biofilm. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of Staphylococcus spp isolated from various biological samples from patients hospitalized methicillin resistant by detecting the mec A gene and biofilm production by phenotypic detection Agar Congo Red. Materials and Methods: This work was carried out in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology of the Center for Biomedical Research of the UAC. We studied 143 strains of staphylococci donated by the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of a Hospital of the City of San Francisco de Campeche from January 2015 to December 2015. Staphylococcal strains included in this study were isolated from biological samples from patients hospitalized. To phenotypic characterization, strains were cultured on CRA plates in duplicate; while to genotypic detection of gene mecA was done by PCR reaction. Results and conclusions: Our results show that the staphylococcal strains included in this study from infectious processes hospitalized patients have a high frequency of methicillin resistance by detecting the mecA (80.4%) gene and more than half are able of expressing biofilm (55.2%). This gives them not only a resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics but also the ability to produce biofilm, increasing their chances of survival in the face of various adverse events and the use of antibiotics.

Since independence, the Ivory Coast has developed an urban framework dominated by the city of Abidjan. Under the influence of decentralization, secondary cities began to develop little. In fact, Biankouma, a secondary town in the Tonkpi region, is not immune to this situation. The objective of this study is to analyze the urban changes made in the city of Biankouma which is subject to urban renewal. To conduct the study, we used the hypothetico-deductive method to conduct an exploratory and descriptive research combining the quantitative and qualitative approach. The surveys were conducted with 20 resource persons and administrative officers from the city of Biankouma. This study showed the progress of the city of Biankouma in terms of infrastructure and basic equipment.

Introduction: Primary tuberculous osteomyelitis of mandible is an extremely rare condition, particularly in comparison to pyogenic infections and neoplastic diseases involving the mandible. Osteoarticular tuberculosis accounts for 1–2% of all the types of bone tuberculosis. Bone tuberculosis forms about 10% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, of which 50% occur in the spine. Tuberculosis of the flat bones of the skull is uncommon and that of the mandible is especially rare as it contains less cancellous bone. Case report: A 9 year old female patient presented with complaint of gradually increasing swelling and persisting pus discharge from sinus on left lateral border of mandible and submandibular region since 2 months with accompanying low grade fever. Extraoral examination revealed a unilateral diffuse swelling over the left body of the mandible. The overlying skin was erythematous and showed the presence of a fistula with a serosanguinous discharge. Routine laboratory investigations were grossly unremarkable with raised total leucocyte count. There was no evidence of regional lymphadenopathy. Radiographic examination revealed carious deciduous molars with periapical abscess, CT mandible revealed marked periosteal thickening with change in trabecular pattern followed by chest examination and radiograph. Curettings from the lesion sent for histopathological examination showed collection of epitheloid cells alongwith Langhan type of giant cell and multiple granulomas. Tentative diagnosis of primary tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible was made and patient had been put on antitubercular drug therapy. Due to its rarity and clinical interest one should always have a suspicion of mycobacterial infection in the back of mind when dealing with chronic maxillofacial infections not responding to the usual antibiotic course and local debridement.

Aims and objectives Comprehensive treatment plan is required before the start of endodontic treatment. Grossly mutilated teeth pose assess problems and restorative boundaries. This paper includes two clinical cases which were reffered to department of conservative dentistry and endodontics. Endodontic treatment was achieved for the tooth and restorative management with composite buildup without post was planned and further porcelain fused to metal crown was given in both cases and futhur follow up was carried on for eight months in respective teeth. This paper describes a simpler, easily available and economic and yet effective alternative to the endodontic management and restorative rehabilitation of grossly mutilated teeth.

Mouth is considered as the mirror of general health. For good oral and systemic health, proper maintenance of good oral hygiene is very important. The standard Western medicine has had only limited success in the prevention and treatment of a variety of oral diseases. Ayurveda is considered as the most ancient indigenous medical system of India. Ayurveda includes therapies for treatment of these Orofacial Diseases such as oral cleansing, extractions, excisions, flap surgeries etc. Ayurveda also recommends daily use of therapeutic procedures as preventive measures such as Dant dhavani, Jivha lekhana, Gandoosha or oil pulling and tissue regeneration therapies. In this article, an attempt has been made to review various herbal plants mentioned in Ayurveda and therapeutic procedures that can be used as an adjunct for the maintenance of oral health.

Background: We present the study of development of trigger finger in post Carpal Tunnel Syndrome release patients with diabetes mellitus hypothroidism as risk factors. Patient and Methods: 103 patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in age group 45-55 with no trigger finger prior to surgery selected, underwent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome release and followed up for 3-5 months and developed triggering of the finger. Results: All patients are selected with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with no prior trigger finger underwent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome release by Mini Palm Carpal Tunnel release technique and most the patients developed have diabetes mellitus as the main risk factor. Conclusion: Diabetes Mellitus is a major contributing factor in patients developing triggering of the finger in the post carpal tunnel syndrome release hand.

Ameloblastoma is the most common benign but locally aggressive odontogenic neoplasm affecting the jaws, accounting for 1% of all tumors of the maxilla & mandible and 11% of all odontogenic tumors. Though nearly half of the tumors do occur between the ages of 20 and 40 years, it is relatively rare in paediatric patients and accounts for approximately 10-15% of all reported cases. Recurrence frequently appears after inadequate treatment. A case of plexiform ameloblastoma in a eleven years old male child with it’s clinical, radiological, histopathological features and treatment modalities have been discussed herewith.

Baseline morphometric information at a sub basin level is essential to develop an appropriate strategy for sustainable, socially acceptable, ecologically benign and economically viable development of a river basin. The present study was carried out in one of the less studied Thirumanimuttar river sub-basins of Cauvery river in the state of Tamilnadu, India. We used GIS and RS tools to study the morphometric characteristics of the basin. The seventh order main river is formed by several lower order streams forming a dentritic flow pattern. The mean bifurcation ratio is 3.61 indicating the basin is largely controlled by structure. The basin has medium drainage density of 0.996 per km2 and is elongated in shape. The length of overland flow values of the basin is 0.502, indicating high relief. The study has strengthened in understanding the hydrological, geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Thirumanimuttar drainage basin.

Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis (OHVIRA), or Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS), is a rare congenital mullerian and mesonephric anomalies presenting with a characteristic triad of uterine didelphys, unilateral obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis .suspicion and knowledge of this anomaly are essential for a precise diagnosis. Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is characterized by a wide range of abnormalities including partial absence of sacrum or coccyx with no apparent associated anamolies to extensive deformity of the lower vertebrae, pelvis and fused lower limbs (sirenomelia).Herein we report a case of 16 year old girl, a case of CRS mimicking OHVIRA.

Background: Diphtheria is an acute infection caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheria spreads by human contact. During 2007-2011, a total of 55 countries worldwide, reported >20,000 cases of Diphtheria and among them India reported the most cases (n=17,926).Objective: To study the frequency, clinical profile, progress and the outcome of neuropathy amongst Diphtheria cases. Methodology: A retrospective study of 26 patients who developed weakness following acute Diphtheria was done. Result: The incidence of Diphtheritic neuropathy in survived cases of diphtheria in our study was 29.8% (N-26/87). Maximum numbers of Children with neuropathy in this study were in the age group of 5-10 years (16/26) with median age of presentation being 7 years. The incidence is more in Male in our study (19/26). 25 out of 26 patients were partial/ unimmunized. All 26 children had features of bulbar palsy. Amongst them, 14 children had features of isolated palatal palsy. One child had unilateral lower motor neuron facial palsy and one had 6th cranial nerve involvement & Quadruparesis was seen in 4. Among these 26 patients, majority (19/26) of patients had received ADS during their hospital stay. Conclusion: Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease so, Routine vaccine administration, prompt diagnosis, early treatment, early administration of ADS and early recognition of complications and treatment of such will reduce associated morbidity and mortality.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of Pomegranate juice and Chlorhexidinegluconate as ultrasonic liquid coolant on aerosols in comparison with normal saline clinically and microbiologically. Method: Thirty chronic periodontitis patients were divided into Group 1: normal saline, Group 2: pomegranate juice, Group 3: 0.12% chlorhexidinegluconate, used as ultrasonic liquid coolants. One blood agar plate was kept in fumigated chamber 10 minutes before scaling. Calibrated face shield was used by clinician to evaluate face contamination during scaling. Two agars at distance of 0.4 meters on either side and one 2 meters behind dental chair during scaling were evaluated for colony forming units (CFU) on agar. Results: At baseline, no significant CFUs were detected. Mean CFU reduction in Group 3 (26.53 ± 6.65) and group 2 (29.6 ± 3.03) but results obtained were not statistically significant. CFU were highest in group 1 (123.9 ± 9.13). More CFU were found on agar which were kept on right side in all the three groups. The area near the ala of the nose and inner canthus of eye has more contamination on face shield. Conclusion: Pomegranate juice is potent antimicrobial agent andcan be used as an ultrasonic liquid coolant during scaling.

Background and Objectives: Low back pain can be defined as pain localized below the line of the twelfth rib and above the inferior gluteal fold, with or without leg pain. Nearly 76% of Computer professionals from India reported some kind of musculoskeletal discomfort in various epidemiological studies. This present study is aimed to investigate if there was a correlation between BMI, posture and working hours of administrative workers in being a risk factor for low back pain. Methodology: Administrative workers who use computer for their daily work were considered for the study. Out of the 100 participants 26 were male participants and 74 were female participants. Demographic data like age, BMI, working hours was recorded in data collection sheets. Postural assessment was done in sitting and standing by observational and plumb line method respectively. Low back pain intensity was evaluated using visual analogue scale and Modified oswestry disability index. The correlation analysis was done between BMI, posture and working hours of each participant. Results: No significant correlation was found between body mass index, posture and working hours of administrative workers in being a risk factor for low back pain. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that there was no significant correlation between body mass index, posture and working hours of administrative workers in being a risk factor for low back pain. However the present study indicated that increased body mass index and static posture during sitting may result in low back pain

Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of two miniplate and one large plate in treatment of mandibular body and symphysis fractures. Materials and Methods: A Prospective cohort study was performed on patients who were surgically treated for mandibular fractures from the year 2015 to 2017. The primary predictor variable was fixation technique, which was conventional 2.0 two miniplates and one large plate with bicortical locking screws. The outcome variables were complications, stability and wound dehiscence. Results: Out of 20 cases 10 were included under Group A and 10 under Group B. In Group A patients were treated with two miniplates and in Group B patients were treated with one large plate. There were no statistically significant differences in occlusal or osseous healing outcomes. However, there were significant differences intreatment outcomes for several variables, including wound dehiscence, plate exposure, the need forplate removal, and tooth root damage between the groups. Conclusion: The use of 2 miniplates was associated with more postoperative complications than the use of 1 stronger plate, but both techniques produced sufficient stability for healing

In Islamic world, there are six most reliable hadith collections. In particularly, they are Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan al-Nasa’I, Sunan al-Tirmidhi and Sunan ibn Maja. Other than Sahih al-Bukhari very little has been written about the other five collections. The reason of that only just recently that a full translation of the Sunan al-Tirmidhi has become available in English [1]. However, Isa Tirmidhi’s ideas were famous for its reliability in European scholars until its publication. About Hadith and its importance, there are also different thoughts among researchers. Some says they are main sources after Qur’an and others say they are fabricated stories. When the talk goes on about Hadith and its importance, most scholars prefer to clarify their ideas with Sunan al-Tirmidhi. When and how was Abu Isa Tirmidhi known in Europe? And what kind of reasons persuaded to study Sunan al-Tirmidhi? This research intends to analyze works about Abu Isa Tirmidhi that published in European countries. It will be an attempt to analyze and compare scientific works how they explained Abu Isa Tirmidhi and his Hadiths. More than ten works of European scholars that discussed to show the research levels of Abu Isa Tirmidhi. The qualitative study used the literature review framework and obtained research data through document analysis. In general, Abu Isa Timidhi’s scientific legacy can be proven as the most vital sources to learn and explain Hadith in Europe.

This study examines the dynamic effects of crude oil price on energy consumption in Nigeria over the period 1981-2017 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. The results are mixed. On the first part, there is a short causal impact between financial sector proxy by industry variables and bank performance. However in the second phase, the results suggest that all the variables are unable influence return on assets except Central Bank asset to GDP in the long run. In general, the results highlight the underdevelopment state of the financial sector in resource mobilisation and allocation and in driving profitability in banking sector. This study has some important policy implication: Banks should lower the level of liquidity to increase the income from loan. In other words, a bank can increase lending to the public thereby reducing cash tied up to liquid asset.

This study presents the results of the experimental study on the efficiency of gamification as a teaching approach in the teaching-learning process and curriculum delivery of Mathematics. This was taken in order to establish and determine the level of performance in Mathematics in the pre-test of the experimental and control group, the level of performance in Mathematics in the post-test of the experimental and control group, the significant difference in the level of performance in Mathematics in the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group, and the significant difference in the post-test performance of the experimental and control group. Subjects were Grade 9 Junior High School learners and used purposive – total population sampling technique. Data needed for this study were obtained through standardized test. As to comparing the groups, independent and paired sample t-test was used in determining the significant difference of the scores between groups. After data were tabulated and analyzed, found were: the level of performance in Mathematics in the pre-test of both the experimental and control group exhibited an average result, the level of performance of the post-test of both the experimental and control group revealed a difference in their mean score, the experimental group gained a high rating while the control group is average, a high significant difference between the performance of the experimental group in the pretest and post-test, and the post-test of the experimental group elicited a statistically increase compared to their pre-test. Statistically, with the significant difference, it shows that the experimental group has a better performance. The results suggest that gamification is more effective in attaining optimum learning compared to the use of the traditional method of curriculum delivery or teaching learning process.

The present paper is an attempt to study the consumer behavior towards online shopping. The objectives of the study are: to identify the relationship of demographical factors that influence online shopping, to study the preferences of the consumers toward online shopping and to study the satisfaction level of the consumers while they shop online. To achieve the objective, null hypothesis ‘Online shopping is not reliable and trustworthy to the consumers’ was tested. The present study has been conducted among the consumers of Karimnagar District. Convenience sampling method has been used to select the sample. The primary data was collected from 100 respondents by means of a structured questionnaire having 15 questions. The collected data was analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. The major findings of the study are: Cash on delivery is found most popular payment method for online shopping among consumers. The price of the products is the most influencing factor on online purchase and online shopping is getting popular in the younger generation. Majority of the respondent’s buy from flipkart and Amazon which are the leading online shopping websites in India. Online shopping is very popular for electronics items followed by movie tickets and clothes. Unreliable online delivery system as well as personal privacy or security concerns have a significant impact on online shopping. The main barrier in the process of online shopping is the payment safety and privacy issue

The article analyzes the socio-political situation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the eve of achieving the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1986-1990), the policy of the USSR government and the Communist Party’s policy of tyranny towards Uzbekistan. The article also analyzes the socio-political and economic situation in Uzbekistan for the independence of Uzbekistan.

The purpose of this study was to identify whether teachers use authentic materials while they teach reading skill. For this reason, this assessment is on teachers’ use of authentic materials for reading skill. The study was conducted in a sample of 40 purposefully selected grade eleven students of Ayertena secondary preparatory school. To collect the required data for the study, interview, and questionnaire and document analysis were used as an instrument. Moreover, four kinds of questionnaires, which focused on teachers’ opinion on teaching reading with authentic materials, frequency of teachers’ use of authentic materials in their English class, factors that hinders the teacher to teach using authentic materials and students’ opinion on how often their teachers’ use different reading strategies to engage them with the reading materials were administered. The data indicated that majority of the teachers believed the relevance of using authentic materials in teaching reading skill. However, teachers’ use them very rarely. In addition to this, most of the students perceive that the materials can expose them to real language and communication, increase their knowledge of vocabulary items which they need in real situation and doing reading activities with the materials as activities which are important to them. Consequently, the researcher has recommended that teachers should use authentic reading materials if they need to create interesting and interactive lesson to happen in the class. And to boost their students’ interest teachers need to adapt and prepare authentic reading materials.

Acquiring English language is effective with careful observation and imitation of effective users of the language. Classic English literature can be used in the class for students to improve their language skills. Literature is surely not an end in itself but the means of beginning a creative process in the minds and emotions of the students and assist them in grasping the language with ease and effortlessly. Information and Communications Technology – ICT plays a major role in facilitating enormous material in different formats and thus has initiated new possibilities into the English classroom. Students are facilitated to listen, speak, read and write good English with the helping hand of various ICT tools in e-class. This paper proposes the integration of literature and ICT as an essential aid for the effective teaching learning of English language. E-class enables learners to navigate interactive, self-learning material with the helping hand of the Internet at their own pace and path. Learners are provided with suitable literature with choice, control and interaction using various ICT tools to understand various elements of language and to practice/use the same. Use of e-class with resources and interactive tools make the learning more interesting, enthusiastic and effective.

The advent of social media, most notably, platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, has been cherished by liberals and progressives alike as the dawn of a new age for free speech and expansion of domain for more civic and efficient communication between diverse groups of individuals and people. The euphoria that defined the prevalent mood in the 2000s later devolved into a more sober and realistic attitude among champions of unrestrained free expression. Once seen as engines of freedom of thought and speech, social media, and Facebook as the subject matter of this paper, are no longer regarded as flawless platforms after the rise of right-wing populism, the ascendancy of inflammatory and hate-driven speech, the prevalent intolerance and online mobbing, and most significantly, the meteoric rise of the post-truth politics in our daily life and political conduct. Not surprisingly, Facebook has found itself at the heart of a sprawling academic and media controversy about the pernicious ramifications of social media on major tenets of social setting and body politic. It now stands trial of a rigorous questioning over its possible role for the reverse of tide regarding free speech. Is Facebook responsible for the current predicament that gripped the platforms and modes of civic social conduct? To what extent, can Facebook be held accountable for the deterioration of free speech, violation of individual rights and encroachment on individual privacy? What would be the limit for free speech or should be any? Should Facebook intervene to remove the content of a hate speech or endorse, no matter what the content is, of unlimited right to free expression? These questions constitute the main structure of this essay. It aims to analyze the central pillars of the current debate regarding the boundaries of free speech and Facebook’s role to define what would be the limitations to restrict what could be written and what not. I’ll dwell upon the arguments of both sides, and will try to show merits and shortcomings of the approach pushing for more interference by Facebook against xenophobic groups while also taking on the stance of those who staunchly oppose any editorial meddling by the social media platform on people’s posts. Furthermore, this essay seeks to explore the roots of setbacks and unwinding of the promising aspects of social media and Facebook in terms of advancing our socialization in public domain. The rise of autocratic leaders around the world, the resurgence of strident populist nationalism has injected new relevance to the debate. Though not for same reasons, Facebook’s CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg found himself being grilled by a group of bipartisan senators in the U.S. Congress over Facebook’s failure to protect private data of tens of millions of users (Roose and Kang, 2018). The ever-growing reach of social media giants have deepened the sense of urgency for reforms to curb their unlimited power over citizens’ private spheres. Facebook, Twitter, Google, Youtube, Apple and Amazon are companies with a staggering amount of data over consumers and people’s habits, attitudes and preferences. Reining in market-driven and unlimited commercial impulses of these companies, according to many observers and politicians, has become an imperative. But this paper is more interested in Facebook’s role in shaping and defining parameters of free speech in today’s world, with its ramifications for social and political conduct. In this respect, it will only focus on Facebook’s role regarding the subject matter. The study draws on a literature review and contains a critical approach regarding existing materials and articles expounding on the issue. While this essay praises the vast opportunity provided by Facebook to widen our social and civic dialogue, it also reminds the existence of perils that woefully break down social decorum and augment xenophobic and hate speech, exactly because of the nature of the same platform, Facebook, which is widely used by marginal groups, white supremacists and fringe nationalists to advance their political goals.

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease, characterized as an important public health problem today. Due to lack of physical activity and eating habits, also related metabolic dysfunctions that increase the possibility of developing diseases. Studies using HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) have the advantage of promoting adaptations similar to continuous aerobic training, but in a time-efficient way in obese individuals. Carry out a narrative review of periodical publications on HIIT training as a control of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Literature review, to answer the following question "How can HIIT training control obesity and metabolic dysfunctions?" The literature search occurred through the electronic search resources in the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and PubMed - National Library of Medicine, from 2000 to 2016. Eight articles selected, one of which addresses that most people do not perform more than 10 minutes of mild or moderate activity in daily life, another states that obesity is a complex disease, of multiple etiologies and common enough to constitute a public health problem. Two papers from selected studies show that HIIT enhances the mitochondrial and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle and improves performance and endurance in exercise and performance. Four of the studies selected indicate that HIIT decreases fat levels, increases lean mass, reduces hyperglycemia in type 2 subjects, and lowers HDL cholesterol levels. The results found in this study demonstrate that HIIT is efficient for the reduction of fat levels in obese, decrease of metabolic dysfunctions and improvement of performance and resistance in exercise and performance, being shown as a possible solution in the control of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.

As on date the most widely used construction material is still Reinforced cement concrete. Concrete is strong in compression and week in tension, steel is placed in concrete where ever tension is anticipated, the process become cumbersome time consuming and expensive process. Fiber reinforced concrete has emerged as consequence which offers improved tensile strength in addition to compressive resistance. Tiny Twin Twisted steel fiber with more frictional resistance are added in concrete matrix to improve tensile strength of concrete. In these paper, experimental results of Compressive strength and Tensile strength of different grade concrete with different dosages of micro steel fibers are presented.

Côte d'Ivoire produces cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in peri-urban areas. The cultivation is threatened by a disease which symptoms are similar to a virus disease despite the use of varieties so-called resistant to virus diseases. In order to implement a control method, a comprehensive diagnosis was made. After assessing the extent of the disease in two large cucumber production areas on the outskirts of the city of Abidjan, two direct and indirect diagnoses were made. The first one was made on the basis of observation and description of the characteristic symptoms of viral infection. As for the second one, samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves were randomly collected from infected plots. Molecular analyses were done using PCR followed by reading on an electrophoresis gel. 92.42% of cucumber plants were infected in the plots with a high average severity of 4. The direct diagnosis led to conclude that the cucumber was CMV-infected. PCR products showed the presence of CMV virus responsible for cucumber mosaic in infected leaves. The symptoms developed by cucumber plants and the identification of the viral agent associated with the symptoms justified an infection of cucumber plots in peri-urban areas of Abidjan by CMV with a much stronger pressure than 31 years earlier.

A series of new 4-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzo- thiazepine 6(a-j) have been synthesized from (E)-1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-3-aryl-2-propen-1-one 5(a-j). The structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed via IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectral analyses. Further, all compounds have been assayed for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bactiria. The antibacterial screening data revealed that, compounds 6 which contain 4-chlorophenyl (6b), 4-methoxyphenyl (6e) and 2-hydroxyphenyl (6f) moieties on benzothiazepine ring might be the reason for the significant inhibitory activity. Most of these new compounds showed appreciable activity against test bacteria and emerged as potential molecules for further development.

Refined groundnut oil was used in the frying of chicken. The physiochemical properties of both raw and fried oils were studied under similar conditions. Chemical tests of the fried groundnut oil showed a rise in the acid value from 3.81% to 4.54% as oleic, the saponification value which decreased after frying from 144.45 to 88.35 mg KOH/100g, due to the broken of the ester bonds by the heat during frying, the iodine value decreased from 7.29 to 4.88 g/100g as a result of thermal oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids and an increase in the peroxide value from 1.4 meq/kg to 2.6 meq/kg. Physical tests showed changes in the fried oil, an increase the viscosity after frying from 37.95 to 40.91 centipoises. However slight increase in the refractive index and the relative density.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the soil fertility status of the Varanasi district. The study consisted of field survey for collection of soil samples and their analysis for chemical and physical properties at department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Soil fertility evaluation of an area is an important aspect in context of sustainable agriculture production. The macro nutrients govern the fertility of soils and control the growth and yields of crops. In the present investigation four blocks was selected in the district Varanasi of Uttar Pradesh and studied the available macronutrient status in the soils using Parkers Nutrient Index approach made with the study of 30sub-surface soil samples collected from farmers filed from different villages of Harhua, Baragaon, Pindra, Araziline block with the help of khurpi in zigzag motion. Collected soil samples were analyzed for pH, Electrical Conductivity,(EC) Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K)The Results reveals that the pH ranged from 6.6-8.7 with mean of8.0 slightly acidic in nature, E.C. (dS m-1) ranged from 0.144-0.320 with mean of 0.22, Organic carbon ranged from 2.78-15.39 with mean value of 7.82 gkg-1and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and Potassium were ranged from 158.4-455.5, 17.10-133.4 and 122.40-157.42 kg ha-1, respectively.

Heavy metals are common pollutants of estuarine ecosystems where they induce adverse effects on the aquatic biota. Copper is one of the most toxic heavy metal to fish and consumption of fish after copper treatment in water may pose a serious risk to human health. Fishes are generally used as pollution indicators in water quality management. Chronic effects include reduced growth, shorter lifespan, reproductive problems, reduced fertility and behavioral changes. Estuarine fish, Mugil cephalus is an important fin fish species of Uppanar estury in Cuddalore region having good nutritional values. Fishes living in close association with the sediment may accumulate copper sulphate. In the present observation, the toxic effects of the copper sulphate LC50 35 µg/L (CuSO4) on (10% and 30%) two sublethal concentrations of total protein in gill, liver and muscles tissues of the estuarine fish, Mugil cephalus were estimated during the periods of 5, 10 and 15 days exposure. There is decreased in all tissues on comparison with control. The results indicated the toxic nature of the heavy metal copper sulphate.

Development is a multi dimensional process involving the up ward movement in the entire social system. Therefore, the realization of Millennium development goals calls for project management strategies that will lead to project success and thus millennium development goals becoming a reality. For this to be achieved, effective project implementation strategies have to be put in place so as to assure and ensure project success without which the project can not see the light of day. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the contribution of project integration services on the successful implementation of CDF projects. To meet the purpose, the study sought; To find out the project integration services used in CDF projects for successful implementation; To establish the techniques of project integration services used in CDF projects; and to find out the challenges faced in using project integration services. The study had a target population of 540 respondents consisting of project managers, project committee members, and community members of projects funded by CDF. From the target population, a sample size of 162 was selected using stratified and simple random sampling. Data for the study was collected using questionnaires and analysed descriptively by use of percentages and frequencies. The paper found out that project integration services include project appraisal services, risk analysis services, technical specification services and analysis of spill over. It also found out that the common techniques used are joint appraisal of projects by stakeholders, project proposal by the community, risk analysis by stakeholders and cost estimation through consultations and that the effects of project integration include less costs of evaluation and implementation and quality projects. The study recommends that the CDF should implement training to workers, that corporate governance policies should be provided to workers through seminar and that continuous auditing of projects should be done to identify problems early enough. It further recommends that politicians should not take part in the project appraisals and that competent managers with proficient knowledge in project management should be actively involved in the management of CDF projects and finally, enough finances should be provided so as to implement project integration in the constituency.

Publishing ethics

Conflict of Interest in Peer-Reviewed Journals

Conflict of interest (COI) exists when there is a divergence between an individual’s private interests (competing interests) and his or her responsibilities to scientific and publishing activities such that a reasonable observer might wonder if the individual’s behavior or judgment was motivated by considerations of his or her competing interests. COI in journal publishing affects everyone with a stake in research integrity including journals, research/academic institutions, funding agencies, the popular media, and the public. Journals are interested in COI as it relates to a specific manuscript. Some manuscripts may be chosen for inclusion in continuing education activities offered by the appropriate organization. The journal therefore complies with the criteria set forth by the credentialing center.

Everyone has COIs of some sort. Having a competing interest does not, in itself, imply wrongdoing. However, it constitutes a problem when competing interests could unduly influence (or be reasonably seen to do so) one’s responsibilities in the publication process. If COI is not managed effectively, it can cause authors, reviewers, and editors to make decisions that, consciously or unconsciously, tend to serve their competing interests at the expense of their responsibilities in the publication process, thereby distorting the scientific enterprise. This consequence of COI is especially dangerous when it is not immediately apparent to others. In addition, the appearance of COI, even where none actually exists, can also erode trust in a journal by damaging its reputation and credibility.

This statement summarizes the main elements of COI policies with examples and options for disclosure and management.