September 2021

In developing countries like India Second largest population’s livelihood depends on common property resources (CPR) that have often been associated with high rates attached by the poor in discounting future flow of benefits, improper property rights, degraded Social value, and social protection. economic insecurity. Forest land appears to be the most important common pool resource which can capable of providing wherewithal of life to a vast section of people for its diverse type of timber and non-timber benefit including environmental benefit. The present-day problem related to this area concentrated on high poverty rate, gender conflict. This study focuses on status-wise forest dependency, types of NTFP (Non-Timber Forest Product) and their relative dependency to forest dwellers, villager’s perception towards forest management and feeling threat to being evacuated from their own land, etc. This study also investigates the characteristics of Agricultural Land. It includes the socio-economic issues related to the livelihood status of forest dwellers. The main objective of this study is to help the government making policy regarding the development of the livelihood status of the selected areas.

Human resource being the primary requirement for execution of any operation in an organization. Health of an organization unavoidably depends on the health of its human resource. While organizations grow in size and work environment requires suitable restructuring, health issues also deserve due attention. Health of a person or an organization does not mean mere structural attractiveness. Rather, health is closely associated with innumerable sensitive and delicate interplaying factors triggering enormous visible as well as invisible impacts both at individual and organizational level. A healthy human resource paper focuses on the remedial measures against certain unhealthy life style and environmental issues at work places which could be managed under the concepts of yoga and naturopathy. Systematic exposure to the five basic elements of nature and strategic application of those elements in work places have been found to be the most accessible and effective remedial measure as per yogic and naturopathic tradition, because these elements can be used to enhance the energy level of manpower by taking care of all health aspects whether physical, mental, emotional or spiritual.

We describe a case report of an 81 years old male, a case of Carcinoma left lung with multiple comorbid conditions posted for video assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) SOS open thoracotomy and radical left upper lobectomy. We performed the procedure under general anaesthesia with a thoracic epidural for post-operative pain relief. CoopdechTM bronchial blocker type A with standard cuff size was used in the left main stem bronchus to achieve one lung ventilation. In this case report, we emphasise the importance of using a thoracic epidural for post-operative pain management and a bronchial blocker for lung deflation in the management of VATS, because incomplete deflation of the nondependent lung during VATS can result in poor surgical exposure and insufficient space for surgical manipulation, compromising the procedure's success. In our case, despite a good deflated operative lung, there was conversion to open thoracotomy due to adherent left bronchus to main pulmonary vessels, but with a good working thoracic epidural, we were able to extubate patient the next day in ICU due to excellent pain relief and an uneventful rest of the postoperative course, so to summarise, despite major open thoracic surgery overall good surgical outcome possible even in geriatric age group patient with multidisciplinary team approach.

Background: Obesity is a medical problem that increases the risk to many reproductive issues in women, and there is a high prevalence of obese women in the population attending the different fertility clinics in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Objective: This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess reproductive hormones in obese infertile women. Methods: A total of 626 women comprising of 513 obese infertile women and 113 not obese women who serve as control were recruited for the study.Anthropometric measurements were taken and Body Mass Index were calculated. A non-fasting venous blood sample was collected from the subjects and analyzed for serum Estrogen, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Progesterone, Inhibin, and Prolactin. Results: The result revealed that obese infertile women with primary and secondary infertility showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in estrogen, LH, FSH, prolactin levels, and decreased progesterone and inhibin levels. However, women with secondary infertility had slightly higher levels of all analyzed hormones than primary infertility women. The study also revealed that hyperestrogenism was more prevalent among the obese women with primary infertility and secondary infertilitycompared with other gonadal disorders, but slightly higher in secondary infertility women. Infertility showed positive correlation with Body Mass Index. LH, FSH, E2, progesterone and prolactin showed a positive correlation withBMI in primary and secondary infertility women, while inhibin showed a negative correlation with Body Mass Index.Conclusion: Therefore, weight loss should be considered as a first line of treatment in obese women with hormonal imbalance.

Background: Ocular trauma refers to any injury to the eye. Mechanical trauma to the eye is subdivided into open and closed globe injuries. An open globe injury is defined as a full thickness wound of the eye wall and intraocular structures. The annual global incidence rate is 3.5/100000 persons. The Ocular Trauma Classification group has developed a classification system based on Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) and features of globe injury at initial examination. Objective: To assess risk factors prognosticating final visual outcome of post vitrectomy patients with open globe injuries. Methods: The patients with open globe injuries of all age groups on follow up for atleast6 months were included in the study. Patients were assessed by clinical examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, X-Ray/CT scan, B scan in cases with opaque media, timing of Pars planavitrectomy, final visual outcome and retinal reattachment. Patients underwent primary repair followed by vitrectomy depending on type, severity, duration of trauma and were followed up at 1week,1month,2 months and 6months post vitrectomy. Results: The study population consisted of 75 males and 3 females, ratio of male: female was 25:1 with mean age of 20.9±7.16 years. Time duration from primary repair upto vitrectomy was <15 days in 34 (43.65%), anterior chamber was maintained in 63 (80.8%) eyes, relative afferent pupillary defect was present in 12 (15.4%) eyes. Mean visual acuity showed significant improvement from 2.26± 1.82logMAR (Hand movements) preoperatively to 1.76± 1.39 logMAR (p=0.014) at 1 month, 1.51±1.071 logMAR (p=0.007) at 2 months, 1.23±0.96 logMAR (6/96) (p<0.001) at 6 months. Retinal detachment was present in 10 (12.8%) eyes and showed poor visual outcome compared to rest 68 (87.1%) of eyes with no retinal detachment (p=0.01) which was statistically significant. Out of 78 eyes, 1 (1.3%) eye presented with vision of 6/18, 2 (2.6%) eyes with 6/36, 20 (25.6%) eyes with finger counting 1 metre, 32 (41.0%) eyes with hand movements, 23 (29.5%) eyes perception of light. Postoperatively at the end of 6 months 17 (21.8%) eyes had 6/6-6/9 vision, 13 (16.7%) eyes had 6/12-6/24 vision,16 (20.5%) eyes had 6/36-6/60, 11 (14.1%) eyes had finger counting at 1 metre, 12 (15.3%) eyes had hand movements, 8 (10.3%) eyes had perception of light and only one patient remained with no light perception as he presented with optic nerve avulsion preoperatively. Conclusion: Good preoperative visual acuity had good prognosis, but poor visual acuity did not correlate with poor visual outcome, which means that with vitrectomy the prognosis could improve in patients with lower initial visual acuity.

Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are the practice of choice to correct corneal astigmatism of 1 D or more in cases enduring cataract surgery. The consequences after toric IOL implantation are influenced by numerous factors, right from the preoperative case selection and investigations to accurate intraoperative alignment and postoperative care. An ideal IOL power calculation formula should take into account the surgically induced astigmatism, the posterior corneal curvature as well as the effective lens position. A probable observational study was executed on 216 eyes of 108 patients canned between 2016 to 2020 for Cataract with astigmatism (cylinder ≤ -4.00 Diopters). The 216 consecutive eyes that had endured for bilateral cataract surgery with phaco and implantation of Toric Intraocular lens. Refractive certainty, change in mean spherical equivalent refraction, postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and subjective visual outcome were compared at, 1 month following surgery. In subjective questioner patient show rating between 7 to 10 out of 10, this shows satisfaction for distance & near vision after implantation of toric intraocular lens. Overall patients were satisfied with visual performance because of less amount of refractive power.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of disordered metabolism with abnormally high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). In Type-2 DM (T2DM), the loss of direct effect of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production and glycogenolysis in the liver causes an increase in hepatic glucose production. Hence, this study was intended to study the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in T2DM patients and compare it with that of normal healthy controls. Methods: A total of 100 patients of both sexes suffering from T2DM and 50 age and sex matched healthy individuals were selected for the study. From the subjects Fasting blood samples were drawn. Biochemical parameters like fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and HbA1c were estimated in the samples. Results: The mean activity of serum ALT was significantly higher in diabetic patients as compared to controls while AST showed non-significant difference between patient and controls. Along with this, significantly increasing pattern of serum ALT level was found as duration of disease increased. While serum AST level was non-significant as duration of disease increased. Conclusion: The outcomes of the present study suggest that among the liver aminotransferases enzymes (ALT) have shown higher activity with T2DM patients than individuals who do not have DM. Hence routine monitoring of LFT along with other routine investigations in patients with type 2 diabetes is recommended.

This paper presents the experimental investigation on hollowed clay brickto enumerate itssound insulation. A total of 90 test specimens were cast and testedwith variations for each of 6 specimens. To createthe sound insulation inside the brickby using chart paper boxes placed in the core area of brick with combustible material such as saw, rice husk and cow dung. After the process of burning the combustible materials fully burned and turned into ash.The findings of the study concluded that the sound insulation of single hollowed brick 2 -3% greater than that of ordinary brick. In double hollowed 1.5% and triple hollowed bricks was 1.9% higher than the ordinary brick.

This paper intends to study the environmental change characterization and analyses river islands with special emphasis on Tuti island area. Also, the article attempts to explore the change causes during the period 1975-2017, identifies its nature and assesses its spatial pattern, using remote sensing and GIS approaches. The main sources of data are the remote sensing images of Tuti Island (Spatial and Temporal images) for the years 1975, 1987, 2000, 2010 and 2017). The software used for data analysis is ArcGIS and Eardas Imagine. An accuracy assessment for images and results was conducted for the purpose of validation. Field survey was carried out for ground truth. Results showed that Tuti Island has witnessed an increase and decrease during the period 1975-2017,which proposed that Tuti Island has characterized by dynamic changes over time. During "1975-1987" the total area of Tuti Island increased by 11.6%, most probably due to flood events of 1988 which sediments deposited on the island surfaces area and edges. However, during 1987-2017, Tuti Island area slightly decreased by 0.83% at the minimum level and by 1.63% at the maximum level. The variation in the area is a result of the White Nile and Blue Nile deposition as well as anthropogenic factors. The results also showed that Tuti Island has a typical crescent shape with a very narrow coastal plain; these spatial attributes are an outcome of an annual deposition of silt forming a small strip of fluvial landform as a distinctive geomorphological feature of the island. Water erosion (Haddam) affects most of its agricultural areas on the rivers’ banks of Tuti Island. Significant changes from agricultural area to a residential area were seen during 1975-2017; thus, indicating that many of the potential changes will not only be harmful to ecosystems and human societies, but will also be costly to deal with, both socially and economically.

Objective: Isolation and molecular identification of actinobacterial endophytes from Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell., Polygonum chinense L., and Justicia wynaadensis Heyne, important ethnomedicinal plant species of the ‘Western Ghats’, a hotspot location in southern India and characterization of secondary metabolites for the antibacterial activity by bio-autography and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Methods: The endophytic actinobacteria were isolated from the plant parts and identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The secondary metabolites produced by the strains in the ISP-1medium were extracted with ethyl acetate and the crude dry extracts were evaluated for the total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant capacities and antibacterial potentials. Results: 14 endophytic actinobacteria belonging to five taxa were identified from three plant species as Corynebacterium, Curtobacterium, Arthrobacter, Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis. The total phenolic content of the actinobacterial extracts ranged from 5.2±0.1 to 24.4±0.08 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g dry extract. Flavonoid content was detected in three extracts (3.2±0.1 to 5.6±0.3 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g dry extract). The radical scavenging activity (IC50 values) of actinobacterial extracts varied from 489.4 ± 2.3 µg/mL to 1968.3±112.0 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity was detected in all the extracts against six test bacterial strains viz., Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 7093), Escherichia coli (MTCC 729), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC 111) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 661). Eight extracts among the 14 showed inhibition zones ranging from 7.2±0.1 to 28.8±0.2 mm diameter against four of the six test pathogenic bacteria. S. indiaensis isolated from Z. nimmonii exhibited highest inhibition zones against all test pathogenic strains (14.2±0.1 to 28.8±0.2 mm dia) with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC’s) ranging from 0.02 to 0.16 mg/mL. Characterization of Streptomyces indiaensis extract by thin layer chromatography and GC-MS revealed the presence of eight aliphatic and volatile organic compounds. Conclusions: Three ethnomedicinal plant species from Western Ghats harbor diverse actinobacterial taxa with bioactivities.

This paper describes finger dermatoglyphics of 130 men and 130 women belonging to Yerukula Tribe, an endogamous population of Andhra Pradesh were studied for qualitative and quantitative finger dermatoglyphic characters. Among qualitative and quantitative characters, Bisexual and bimanual differences are also observed. This population records higher incidence of Ulnar loops followed by whorls.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic process automation (RPA) amalgamation has caused a dramatic change in healthcare in the areas of predictive analytics and real time monitoring. This paper examines the various impact of implementation AI and RPA systems on the quality of patient’s care and the workflows of clinical settings in healthcare. We start by doing a detailed analysis of AI and RPA in the healthcare industry. Subsequently, we continue to explore the revolutionary role of these technologies in the process of managing patients. AI and RPA can be used to develop and improve workflow systems, which in turn can lead to higher efficiency, better quality of the care, and can be applied in numerous fields such as clinical decision support, and administrative tasks. Subsequently, we illuminate the paradigm of predictive analytics in healthcare, highlighting its priceless role in the prediction of patient outcomes, identification of patients in at-risk populations, and the development of treatment plans that are tailored to each individual. Achieving this goal is enabled by the process of using modern statistical algorithms and machine learning techniques. As a result, the healthcare providers are enabled to foresee the development of diseases, detect the abnormalities and take preventive measures. Then we will have a look at the amazing global of the real-time monitoring using AI and RPA. This kind of up-to-date technology provides a continuous monitoring of patient health parameters and an immediate response when it is needed. With the help of real-time data from multiple sources, monitoring systems that run on AI technology have the potential to detect any slight differences in a patient's condition, even if they are not obvious. Such systems allow them to foresee problems and warn doctors about imminent risks and adverse events before they happen. Also, we give an overview of the benefits and difficulties of AI and RPA integration in the healthcare system. Although these technologies help to bring about better outcomes for patients, greater efficiency, and cost savings, there are also difficulties in terms of data quality, privacy issues, and ethical considerations. Lastly, we go further into the future outlook of the discipline that is consisting of the AI model advancement, the internet of things integration and the ethical systems creation. Through the adoption of the trends in AI and RPA, healthcare institutions can leverage the power of the technologies in shaping the innovative cloth of healthcare, improving the patient outcomes and promoting the patient-oriented care.

The integrated nutrient management system is important for crop productivity and soil health. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) is a widely used medicinal herb in Ayurveda. It is considered to be a Rasayana herb, an adaptogen and is commonly referred to as “Indian ginseng. A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 near the college of agriculture farm. Tikamgarh, (M.P.) India to study the effect of integrated nutrient management system on phenological and growth attributing characters of Ashwagandha. The twelve treatment combinations of different fertilizers doses, biofertilizers and manures were tested in randomized block design with three replications. Integrated nutrient management system significantly influenced different phenological, growth attributes and physiological parameters of Ashwagandha. The significant maximum values were observed in days to flower initiation (68.5 DAS), plant height (64.74 cm.), several branches per plant (10.69), numbers of leaves per plant (100.40), leaf area per plant (823.81 cm2) and leaf area index (1.470) with T12 treatment (50% NPK/ha+5 tonnes FYM/ha+3kg PSB/ha + 3kg Azotobacter/ha+5kg Zn/ha). While maximum values in days to first fruit maturity (142.5 DAS) and leaf water potential (21.3 -ev bar) were recorded under the T1 treatment (100% NPK recommended dose 50:30:30 kg/ha). However, the effect on days to germination, days to primary branch, days to secondary branch and days to first fruit initiation was no significant.

Background: Trauma is a major increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries like Nepal. The traumatic injuries account for major financial loss and may lead to permanent deformities and dysfunction leading to mental and psychological health problems. According to the Nepalese Ministry of Health and Population, unspecified Injuries are the third largest single cause of hospitalization and 10% of Nepal’s total burden of diseases. This study was done to improve the understanding of differerent spectrum, the mode of trauma, severity of injuries, and outcome of trauma victims in our hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of all adult trauma patients more than 18‑year‑old presenting to our emergency department (ED).Details of the incident in terms of causes, severity, mode, and outcome of injuries were noted. RESULT: Most vulnerable age group for traumatic injuries was between 20-40 years. The gender distribution was 70% males and 30% females. 80% patients arrived in Emergency ward beyond one hour of accident ( golden hours) between 8 am to 5 pm being stayed 24 hours. Fall from height on the ground (45%) was the most common mode of injury, followed by Road traffic injuries (41%), cut injuries (7. 5%),trauma related assault, sports and animal injuries (6.2%) electrical injuries (0.7%), industrial injuries 0.3% Regarding implementation of Australian triage system (ATS) in relation with different mode of trauma, fall from height( (137), out of which ATS 2 was 6, ATS 3 was 114 and ATS 4 was 17),Road traffic injury(124) out of which ATS 2 was 12, ATS 3 was 100 and ATS 4 was 12. Regarding implementation of ATS scoring in relation with injured area involved, upper extremity (130) out of which ATS 2 was 5, ATS 3 was 108 and ATS 4 was 17, Lower extremity (119) out of which ATS 2 was 10, ATS 3 was 98, and ATS 4 was 11. Extremity injuries (upper and lower limbs) were the most common injuries seen in 70% of patients followed by traumatic brain injury (TBI) (7%), thoracic injuries (6%), abdominal injuries (6%), Spinal injuries 6%, facial injuries (3.4%) and neck injuries (0.8%) with two wheeler accidents contributing to the majority.78% patients had moderate severity of injury, 17% had minor injury and 4% had serious injuries and 0.7% had severe injury. Emergency Department(ED) team alone managed around half of the patient (50%), while around 50 % patients were admitted in different wards for further evaluation and treatment in terms of either conservative management or surgical interventions. 42% were discharged in a stable condition.2% were gone on left against medical advice (LAMA),1% referred to other centre. out of which 49% patients had managed operative followed by 51 % had non operative .Conclusion: Falls and Road traffic injuries are the predominant causes of trauma. A. simple scoring system such as Australian triage system (ATS has been used to prioritize injured patients according to urgency.

Secondary metabolites are valuable source for drug preparation. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Ceropegia bulbosa showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids, saponins, sterols, and, terpenoids. The gas chromatography- mass spectrometry of methanolic leaf extract showed Pentadecanoic acid having highest area % of 10.09 with retention time 16.105 followed by Octadecanoic acid with area % of 2.43, retention time 18.049 followed by 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6- methyl-4H-Pyran with area % of 0.55, retention time 7.125 followed by Tetradecanoic acid with area % of 0.45, retention time 15.002 followed by Heptadecanoic acid with area % of 0.31, retention time 18.097 followed by 1-Octadecene with area % of 0.16, retention time 15.297. The present study shows that the methanolic extract of Ceropegia bulbosa have important bioactive compounds which can play a significant role in drug development.

In this work, babassu oil was selected as a raw material potentially capable of producing renewable hydrocarbons in the biokerosene range by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), in the presence of the NiMo / γ-Al2O3 catalyst. According to gas chromatography, practically 70 % of the fatty acids constituent of babassu oil had carbon chains containing between 10 and 16 carbon atoms, with a predominance of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with 12 carbon atoms (44.58 %). A full factorial design 23 with a central point was carried out in order to investigate the individual and interaction effects on the selectivity to hydrocarbons of the following factors: reaction time, temperature, and H2 pressure. The liquid reaction products were characterized by gas chromatography (CG-FID) and the experimental results were adjusted by a mathematical model. According to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the parameters temperature, reaction time, and H2 pressure were significant. Temperature was the variable with the greatest influence on selectivity to hydrocarbons. The interaction factors reaction time - temperature and temperature - H2 pressure were also significant. The best selectivity result was achieved at a temperature of 340 ºC and 70 bar of H2, in which 98.41 % of hydrocarbons were obtained, in a time of 5 h. Under the conditions evaluated in this work, it was possible to obtain a high selectivity to renewable hydrocarbons in the range of aviation biokerosene by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) from babassu oil. Babassu oil has proved to be a potential raw material for obtaining this biofuel.

Description of the subject: In rural areas, food insecurity threatens the population more and more in recent decades and still continue. This is why this study set out to analyzed the Economic profitability of the millet and sorghum’s crop on the sites recovered half-moons to cope with the shock of land degradation in Bagaroua area (Republic of NIGER).Method. Primary data were obtained through individual surveys preceded by focus groups. A total of 254 households were randomly selected from 3 villages in the Tahoua region, Bagaroua department, WFP intervention area. The results of the socioeconomic profile obtained using the HEA method show that 69.5% of households are poor, 27.75% belong to the middle class and 1.52% wealth. Regarding food security, the Household Food Insecurity Scale (EIAM) shows that only 14.28% are food secure. Results: The study revealed that the addition of organic manure to the half-moons makes it possible to obtain millet and sorghum grain productions ranging from 450 to 750 kg / ha. On the other hand, despite the good hydric state, the infiltration due to the destruction of the surface crust and to the storage of water without input in these half-moons does not seem to increase the production (less than 100Kg / ha). As a result, the operation of the structures studied (half-moons) are profitable, given that one franc invested brings in 5.17 FCFA. Thus, the recovery of land by half-moons can be an effective method of recovery and productivity of degraded soils so that finally curb the problem of frequent food insecurity and reduce household poverty in Niger and more specifically the region of Ader.

It is an undeniable fact that the global economic crisis and recession have caused rapid, structural changes in the hierarchical pyramid of enterprises and solutions are being sought to recover the sales of each company's products. Moreover, it goes without saying that the historical time keeps speeding up. More specifically, the rapid development of technology highlights issues of techniques for the promotion of products and services. Consumers are no longer content with conventional promotions of products and services. Stereotypes of marketing techniques are enriched by technological means and many businesses are spearheading digital marketing. However, each company has its own digital footprint in the electronic environment as "[...] it is now inconceivable for a company, from the smallest to the largest brand, not to have a presence on the internet." (Panigyrakis, 2016, 179). Based on these changes, there are a lot of arising issues and challenges faced by businesses, marketing executives and consumers themselves. The paper discusses the theoretical background of digital marketing and the challenges arisen and faced by managers.

Background: Foreign body in bilateral nostril is very uncommon more so the button cell battery which can lead on to septal perforation because of necrosis on both sides of septum. Authors report neglected button cell batteries in both nostrils in a toddler, which was initially tried for spontaneous expulsion by parents. Method: A two-year-old child presented with pain, bilateral nasal obstruction and thick discharge in the nose. After radiological investigation diagnosis was made and one button cell battery from each nostril was removed by pediatric rigid endoscopy without any complications. Result: The removed foreign bodies were button cells. The mucosa of septum and turbinate was ulcerated. After removal bilateral nasal cavity was irrigated with saline fortified with amikacin antibiotics. Conclusion: Button cells batteries should be removed cautiously to prevent slippage in nasopharynx and further in aerodigestive tract to avoid the more serious consequences down there.

A clinician should have complete knowledge about anatomic variations of macrostructure and the external as well as internal anatomy of the tooth which is essential for a successful outcome. An awareness and thorough knowledge of root canal morphology contribute to the success of root canal treatment. Successful endodontic treatment includes the acts of locating the root canal orifice, chemo-mechanical cleaning, and shaping the root canal system before placement of a dense root canal filling with a fluid-tight seal. Anomalies in the tooth are often encountered which poses difficulties in dental treatments. As in any other teeth, mandibular molars are also prone to anatomic variation. Morphologic variations in mandibular first molars are seen in the number of root canals or the number of roots. An additional third root, first mentioned in the literature by Carabelli, is termed as Radix Entomolaris (RE). This supernumerary root is located distolingually in mandibular molars, mainly first molars. An additional root at the mesiobuccally side is termed as Radix Paramolaris (RP). This case series focuses mainly on the diagnosis and management of variable root canal anatomies like radix entomolaris and paramolaris in mandibular molars.

Lyme Borreliosis is a complex disease which varies in its clinical presentation, thus can be difficult to diagnose. The classic clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease is erythema migrans rash, however, literature has shown not all patients who develop Lyme disease develop this characteristic. The life cycle, pathogenicity and ecological interactions that have an impact on the risk of transmission are multifaceted and require further research. Infection prevention and control of Lyme disease hinge on physician and public education regarding personal protection measures, symptoms and signs of the disease as well as appropriate antibiotic treatment. Early and consistent approaches to diagnosis appear essential to infection prevention and control within primary care. Increasing public awareness and concerns about Lyme disease and its potential consequences for an individual is required. Evidence also necessitates the requirement for more intensive screening within blood and blood component part transfusion. However, there is an overall lack of research within this area as highlighted by referring to seminal research studies within the text. On evaluation, if the figures for Lyme disease continue to rise, further vaccines may be required to control the outbreaks of a potentially harmful disease.

Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. It results from tracking of pancreatic fluid through diaphragmatic hiatus into the mediastinum. Herein, we report a case of mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst in a 50-year-old man with a history of chronic pancreatitis. The patient complained of dysphagia and upper abdominal pain. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed acute on chronic pancreatitis and a large posterior mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst. CT guided drainage was performed and a repeat CT scan after seven days showed almost complete resolution of the pseudocyst. High index of suspicion is needed for the diagnosis. Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare entity and can cause serious complications if left untreated.

Au Sénégal, pour inverser la tendance à la dégradation massive de la couverture végétale et restaurer la productivité du sol, diverses essences d’arbres à croissance rapide et multi-usages, souvent en plantation monospécifique, ont été largement utilisées. Malgré les effets bénéfiques, leur impact sur la diversité de la flore herbacée reste peu connu. L’objectif de l’étude est de déterminer l’influence du couvert ligneux monospécifique sur la diversité floristique des herbacées.Cette étude a été menée sur des arbres en plantation monospécifique de 28 ans dans la Station de Bandia. Des relevés ont été effectués de Septembre à Octobre durant 4 ans. Au total, 48 relevés (dont 28 sous les plantations monospécifiques, 20 hors station), ont été effectués. Les résultats ont montré que la richesse et la diversité floristiques de même que l’homogénéité et la stabilité des populations herbacées diminuent sous le couvert ligneux monospécifique. Le couvert ligneux monospécifique diminue la richesse et la diversité floristiques de même que l’homogénéité et la stabilité des populations herbacées. La diversité et l’abondance des espèces herbacées sous les plantations dans la station de Bandia sont donc influencées par le couvert ligneux monospécifique.

In Europe, institutions have tried to promote the creation of educational laboratories at different levels of instruction with the aim of teaching by manufacturing. Since the 1960s, architecture schools have attempted to theorize practice, this teaching strategy has proven inappropriate for developing the professional skills of architecture students. Fabrication classrooms are actually educational labs that function as architectural modelling workshops. The European organization for this has instituted the Future Classroom Ambassador, which has the duty to monitor and create at the different educational levels the “Future Classroom Lab”, a kind of production and creation classroom to develop training through the practice. The authors of this article will try to find out by searching for information on the Internet what is the current situation of architecture schools in Spain. Exists? What is its composition and distribution?

The Sol–gel route was used to synthesize Ceria–Yttria co-stabilized Zirconia (CYSZ) nanoparticles. The addition of stabilizing oxides to pure Zirconia, such as CaO, MgO, CeO2, and Y2O3, allows for the formation of multiphase materials, which are referred to as Co-Stabilized Zirconia. Cerium Oxide CeO2 and Yttrium Oxide Y2O3 are co-stabilized with Zirconium Oxide in this study. The creation of nanostructured coatings has been shown to boost the efficiency of TBCs by lowering thermal conductivity, increasing bonding power, and increasing thermal cycling lifetime, according to researchers. The crystallinity and stabilization of cubic crystalline phases were studied by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) at different calcination temperatures in the range of 500°C to 1200°C, and surface morphology and compositional analysis were studied by scanning electron microscopy using the sol-gel process (SEM). The research yielded interesting results, but it was discovered that when Zirconium Dioxide was synthesized using the sol-gel process, the tetragonal phase was not present; thus, other methods to obtain the tetragonal phase would be needed in the future for the application of Thermal Barrier Coating.

Safety of students in public secondary schools is a matter of concern globally. In Kenya, a number of students in public boarding secondary schools do encounter tragedies ranging from death of students during infernos in schools, students falling sick due to food poisoning or poor hygiene, attack of students by the community and porous school gates which enables strangers to enter in the schools leading to stealing of school property and attack on the students. In 2008, the Government of Kenya launched Safety and Standards manual in both public schools and private schools. Implementations of these standards were expected to make students secure in these schools. However, from 2009 to 2018, there were a number of reported cases of food poisoning, closure of schools due to community threats, loss of lives of students and properties worth millions of shillings in arson cases, diseases caused by poor hygiene and many others which were unreported. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of health and hygiene safety guidelines on students’ safety in public boarding secondary schools in Homa Bay County. The study revealed that physical health and hygiene safety guidelines had significant effect on students’ safety as they accounted for 53.8% of the variation in students’ security. The study also established that health and hygiene safety guidelines had strong and positive effect on students’ safety. The study recommended that school principals should strive to fully implement these safety guidelines to enhance students’ safety in Homa bay County, Kenya. The study may be useful to policy makers and stakeholders in the Ministry of Education in developing more diversified strategies to enhance students’ safety in public boarding secondary schools in Kenya.