Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 10; October2025

In the northern region of Côte d’Ivoire, alum sludges from the Sinématiali drinking water production plantare directlyrejected into the natural environment without any specific treatment.This constitutes a source of pollution and potential health hazards. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potentialvalorisation of these alum sludges in construction materials by carryingout physico-chemical characterisation tests. Chemical, mineralogical, spectral, microscopic and wettability studies were performed on these alum sludges. The results of the chemical composition through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis shows that the most abundant oxides in alum sludges are silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) with respective proportions of 50.80%, 36.57% and 10.32%. Potassium oxide (K2O), sodiumoxide (Na2O) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are onlypresent in small quantities. Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the alum sludges are mainly composed of poorly crystallised kaolinite (78%). Minorphases such as hematite (9.3%), illite (7.2%) and quartz (4.5%) were also detected. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of absorption bands at 688.778 and 743 cm-1, 1007, 1013 and 1077 cm-1 characteristics of clays in kaolinite form. Microscopic observation shows a microporous and amorphous structure of these clayey sludges. The high value of water demand (1133 µL/g) favors a good reactivity of these sludges in aqueous solution. These characterisations indicate that alum sludges of Sinématiali are highly suitable for incorporation with Portland cement in the production of refractory construction bricks, as well as mortars and reinforced concretes.

The objective of this work is to valorize unconventional fly ash from the Bargny coal-fired power plant in order to address issues related to the durability of cementitious structures, but also to provide economic and environmental solutions related to industrial waste storage. To this end, an experimental study was conducted to characterize the materials used, in particular the physicochemical and mechanical properties of fly ash, Dangoté cement, and manufactured cement in which clinker is replaced by fly ash at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%), as well as a complete identification of aggregates (sand, basalt, flint, and limestone) for hydraulic concrete. First, the results show that the ashes studied are siliceous, spherical in shape, and have a Blaine specific surface area equal to 4126 cm²/g. In addition, the activity indices found, with values of 77% and 96% at 28 days and 90 days respectively, show that the ash is pozzolanic according to the specifications of standard (1). Furthermore, the use of these fly ashes as a substitute product increases the Blaine specific surface area of the cement produced, and therefore its workability, and the mechanical strengths at 28 days are higher than the characteristic strengths given by the standard (3) for a substitution rate of up to 20%. The durability study proves that the use of ash results in fewer connected pores accessible to water in the material.

Background & objectives: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways aim to minimise surgical stress, promote faster return of function, shorten hospital stay. While ERAS has been studied extensively in high-resource centres, evidence from rural tribal tertiary care hospitals is limited. This study compared ERAS with conventional perioperative care in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute cholecystitis. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted at rural tertiary hospital in western Maharashtra between January 2024 and July 2025. Adults aged 18–60 years with ASA grade I–III and Tokyo Guidelines grade I–II acute cholecystitis were included. Patients received either ERAS-based care or conventional management. Outcomes assessed included postoperative length of stay (LOS), time to oral intake and mobilisation, pain scores, opioid use, complications (≥Clavien–Dindo II), 30-day readmissions. Results: Of 126 enrolled patients, 63 were assigned to each group. ERAS patients had a shorter LOS (median 3.0 d (IQR 2–3] vs. 4.0 d (IQR 4–5] ; p<0.001), earlier oral intake (8 h (IQR 7–8] vs. 24 h (IQR 20–26] ; p<0.001), quicker mobilisation (7 h (IQR 6–8] vs. 24 h (IQR 20–26] ; p<0.001). Pain scores and opioid requirements were lower in ERAS group (p<0.001). Rates of complications and readmissions were comparable (p=0.47). Interpretation & conclusions: ERAS-based perioperative management for LC in acute cholecystitis is feasible in rural and tribal settings. Enabling earlier recovery, reduces opioid use, maintains safety outcomes, supporting its wider adoption in resource-limited hospitals.

Introduction: Leadership is a multifaceted concept encompassing various aspects of behavior and skills. This dissertation explores the development of leadership skills among hearing-impaired people at SOLIDATIC Benin through the use of interactive games. Objective: to assess the impact of these games on participants' communication, collaboration and self-confidence, based on David Kolb's experiential learning theory. Method: A mixed methodology was adopted, combining pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 7 experts. 43 participants were engaged in several games designed to encourage interaction and group dynamics. Results: The results showed a p-value < 0.05, signifying a significant improvement in leadership skills, particularly in communication and decision-making. Conclusion: Interactive games created an inclusive learning environment, empowering participants. This study suggests that integrating games into educational programs can transform the development of leadership skills in the hearing impaired, and paves the way for future research into social inclusion through play activities.

Background: Anaplasma is bacteria that infect the blood cells of domestic and wild animals, leading to a reduction in productivity. This study aimed to identify certain species of Anaplasma in goat blood of Béoumi's locality (Côte d'Ivoire). Methods: In order to determine their prevalence in dwarf goats in Béoumi locality, blood samples were taken from them during the dry season and the rainy season. A total of 270 dwarf goats were mobilized from December 2015 to September 2016 in areas close to watercourses and areas far from watercourses. Samples were taken from auricular venules, then placed on object slides in order to be observed under an optical microscope. Results: Of all goats examined, 12 were positive for Anaplasma. The prevalence was 4.44%. All the infested animals came from area B (near the waterways) and were only females over two years old. Two Anaplasma species were isolated: Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale. Anaplasma marginale was the most present with an overall prevalence of 4.44% versus 0.74% for Anaplasma centrale. Conclusion: This study showed the presence of Anaplasma in goats breeded in Béoumi locality, particularly near waterways. goat farmers will need to be informed about the methods to combat anaplasmosis.

Traditional healing knowledge encompasses a holistic view of health, encompassing not only physical illness but also mental, spiritual, and social well-being. Traditional healing knowledge is valuable for its affordability, cultural values, and accessibility. Ethno-medicine is the study of traditional medical practices and knowledge systems of different indigenous groups or tribal communities. Ethno-medicine often includes herbal remedies, spiritual healing, and the role of community healers. Tribal communities have dependent on ethno-medicine for healthcare, using resources available, particularly plants, herbs, and minerals. It often includes spiritual beliefs, along with health. The Oraon tribe balances traditional and modern health systems. They use various plants and natural resources for treatment, reflecting their strong connection to nature. Their health system is based on two main causes of illness: naturalistic (environmental) and personalistic (supernatural). Their spiritual healers perform rituals and restore balance when illness is thought to be caused by supernatural forces or ancestors. These healers face social isolation due to fear of perceived supernatural powers. As a result of rising globalization and modernity, the traditional knowledge of the Oraon tribal is threatened with loss. There is an immediate need to documented and safeguard their Ethno-medical practicing knowledge to ensure their cultural heritage will be preserved for future generations.

Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) is an essential component of treating cleft lip and alveolus and cleft lip and palate. Alveolar cleft repair involves creating a bony bridge to restore maxillary continuity.One of the main success factors for this bony bridge is its dimensions, which are assessed radiographically using specific scales. The results of SABG treatment influence where teeth should be placed in the cleft; in cases where a tooth is lost, they assist specialists in determining whether to close the gap or restore the missing tooth. X-ray images are used to assess the results of the treatment. This literature review aims to assess the various radiographic scales for evaluating alveolar cleft repair and analyse their key properties.The most well-known is the Bergland scale. The literature also suggests the Enemark, Long, Kindelan, Chelsea, and SWAG scales.All of them use periapical or occlusal x-rays to determine the height of the bony bridge or the degree of bone fill in the cleft area.

Due to the low density of passable streets in cities and in order to reduce the distances travelled during collection, trucks collect waste at collection points or sorting stations. Unfortunately, these locations are often non-existent and, when they do exist, they are poorly distributed. This is the case in Bouaké, the second largest city in Côte d'Ivoire, covering an area of 71.79 km² and with a population of over 785,133, where household waste is dumped illegally in some places, especially along roadsides. To solve this problem, the use of a Digital Algorithm for Optimal Location Identification (ANIOL) of collection points and sorting stations may be a credible alternative. The process of developing this algorithm is based on the use of geospatial data combined with clustering algorithms to determine the best locations for collection points and sorting stations. The basic software for programming is QGIS, and Python is used to generate the code. Next, Dijkstra's algorithm was used to determine and optimise collection routes. Based on the results, ANIOL suggests setting up 432 collection points and 62 sorting stations, compared to zero collection points and 79 sorting stations for the current (existing) system. Internal validity tests carried out on ANIOL in Bouaké gave the following results: 100% coverage, 77.63% coincidence rate with spontaneous deposits, and 80.32% proximity rate to roads. This would place the city of Bouaké among the leading and exemplary cities in terms of waste management. Monitoring the optimal route determined by ANIOL has resulted in a reduction of 302 km in daily travel and would save more than 60,000,000 CFA francs per year in collection costs and avoid the emission of nearly 300 tonnes of CO2 per year during waste transport.

Sin is any deviation from God’s perfect will and character. Sin is opposite of God.We define in relation to God because he is the perfect source of goodness, love and truth. Here,we are going to focus upon the doctrine of sin and to be more specific about ‘Origin of Sin’ in a systematic and organized way. The study has been made through the books written about the doctrine of sin and this is purely a textual analysis.

The use of various techniques for waste recovery in order to obtain value-added products is one of the objectives of sustainable development. One of the best ways to recover agricultural waste is to use it in mushroom cultivation. The objective of this study was to determine the colonisation and fruiting capacity of Pleurotus eous and Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated on substrates based on grass clippings (Festucas ovina) and sawdust (control). The grass clippings were cut and dried in the sun for two weeks, then cut into pieces (2-3 cm). Agricultural lime and rice bran were added in varying proportions (1% agricultural lime and 0-15% rice bran) to obtain several formulations. These mixtures were then moistened (50-60% moisture content). The sawdust substrate consisted of 97% sawdust, 1% agricultural lime and 2% rice bran. This mixture was moistened to 85% moisture content and composted for two months. These different substrates were placed in heat-resistant bags and pasteurised for 2 hours and 30 minutes in a barrel. After cooling, the substrates were inoculated with P. eous and P. ostreatus mycelium. The parameters measured were mycelial growth and carpophore fruiting. The results show that both mushroom species completely colonise the sawdust substrate after 30 to 35 days. However, colonisation remains partial on the grass substrate after 50 to 60 days. In Pleurotus eous, production on the grass substrate varied from 4,199 to 5,268 g, compared to 1724 g for the sawdust substrate. The highest production was obtained with substrate F2, with a biological efficiency of 42%. In Pleurotus ostreatus, production varied from 1622 to 1936 g on the grass substrates, compared to 2625 g for the control. The highest yield was obtained on the turf formulations, with F2 producing 1936 g. Analysis of variance showed that the turf formulations had a significant effect on the fresh weight and diameter of the fruiting bodies. Disseminating these results to farmers is a way of adding value to agricultural waste and increasing their income.