Table of Contents: Volume 18; Issue 10; October, 2026

Life Sciences

Effectiveness of protocols on tracheostomy care among staff nurses working in critical care units: a quasi-experimental study

Naga Durga Devi Bathula

ABSTRACT:
Background: Tracheostomy care requires consistent nursing knowledge and competent practice to maintain airway safety and reduce preventable complications. Standardized protocols can support nurses in performing routine care, stoma care, and suctioning in a consistent manner. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of protocols on tracheostomy care on the knowledge and practice of staff nurses working in critical care units. Methods: A quantitative, quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Sixty staff nurses working in critical care areas of Narayana General Hospital and Narayana Super Specialty Hospital, Nellore, were selected by non-probability convenience sampling. Knowledge was assessed using a 35-item self-administered questionnaire and practice using a 20-item observational checklist. The tracheostomy care protocol addressed routine care, stoma care, and suctioning. Pretest assessment was followed by protocol teaching and demonstration, and posttest assessment was conducted after 7 days. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, Karl Pearson correlation, and chi-square test were used. Results: The mean knowledge score increased from 21.01±6.79 in the pretest to 28.90±3.80 in the posttest (paired t=7.89, df=59, p<0.05). The mean practice score increased from 10.90±4.70 to 15.70±2.80 (paired t=6.80, df=59, p<0.05). In the posttest, 76.6% of nurses had adequate knowledge and 81.7% demonstrated good practice. The reported posttest correlation between knowledge and practice was strong (r=1.00). Conclusion: The findings indicate that protocol-based teaching and demonstration were associated with significant improvement in nurses’ knowledge and practice of tracheostomy care. Standardized tracheostomy care protocols may be useful as part of continuing nursing education and critical-care practice.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50995.10.2026
Illegal gold mining in the rapides grah classified forest, côte d’ivoire: determining factors and environmental consequences

DIARRA Ali

ABSTRACT:
Illegal gold mining is a growing threat for both forest and aquatic ecosystems in Côte d’Ivoire. This study aims to analyze the determinants of its development and its environmental impacts in the ‘Rapides Grah Nord’ Classified Forest. The methodology is based on a literature review, semi-structured interviews with institutional stakeholders, and spatial analysis using GIS and remote sensing tools. Physicochemical and metal analyses of water samples were also conducted. The results show that the abundance of forest and water resources, the presence of agricultural camps, and monitoring difficulties contribute to the persistence of illegal gold mining. Areas affected increased from 73 ha in 2013 to 343 ha in 2023. This activity causes forest cover degradation, soil erosion, and deterioration of water quality. The Hana River, in particular, shows high turbidity (249 NTU), a high concentration of suspended solids (154 mg/L), and cadmium and mercury levels exceeding the reference guideline values used in this study. These findings highlight the need to strengthen monitoring, restore degraded sites, and improve natural resources governance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50992.10.2026
Evaluation de l’effet des composts sur des paramètres de la fertilité du sol et du rendement des cacaoyers à divo, Côte d’Ivoire

KOTAIX Acka Jacques Alain, COULIBALY Kotioloma, ASSOH Ohôh Bernadette, ASSI Evelyne Gévère Marise and KOUAME N’Dri Norbert

ABSTRACT:
Contexte: La cacaoculture est d’une importance capitale pour de nombreux pays africains, dont la Côte d’Ivoire.Mais, celle-ci est confrontée à de nombreuses contraintes qui impactent négativement le rendement de la culture. Il s’agit notamment du vieillissement du verger, l’invasion des maladies et ravageurs, le changement climatique, la non maîtrise des bonnes pratiques agricoles par les cacaoculteurs et la baisse de la fertilité des sols liée à leur surexploitation. Ainsi, une étude portant sur l’évaluation des effets de 3 composts à base de coque de cacao sur la fertilité du sol et les rendements des cacaoyers a été réalisé à Divo au centre-sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Méthodes: Le dispositif expérimental était un bloc de Fisher complètement randomisé, avec 5 traitements, répétés 4 fois. Les données agronomiques et pédologiques ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel SAS version 9.4 pour évaluer l’effet des engrais sur les paramètres mesurés. Résultats: Les résultats ont montré que, les traitements issus des composts ont eu un pH de sol compris entre5,35 et 6,11, une capacité d’échange cationique (CEC) comprise entre 12-39 cmol.kg-1 et un bon équilibre ionique selon les normes recommandées. Quant au rendement, le traitement 1 (compost à base de 30% coque de cacao + 10% fumier de bovin +45% fiente de volaille + 5% lisier de porc + 10 % panicum maximum), a eu le meilleur rendement potentiel et réel. Il a eu respectivement 2816,54 et 2498, 50 kg/ha. Le témoin (T0) a eu le plus faible taux. Conclusion: Le traitement 1 issu du compost à base de 30% coque de cacao + 10% fumier de bovin +45% fiente de volaille + 5% lisier de porc + 10 % panicum maximum est le meilleur traitement de cette expérimentation, il pourrait être de ce fait, recommandé aux producteurs pour améliorer la fertilité des sol et la production des cacaoyers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50927.10.2026

Physical Sciences and Engineering

Intermediate host mollusks distribution associated to the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in bamako district

Bintou LY, Rabiatou A. DIARRA, Rahinatou R. ASSOGBA, Dramane FANE , Solomani BALLO, Ousmane I. KONE, Abdoulaye DABO, Astan TRAORE, Alpha S. Yaro and Bernard A. Sodio

ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Schistosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease in Mali. Despite control efforts carried out by the Ministry of Health and Social Development, transmission still occur in Bamako district. This situation is most likely due to irregular mass treatment and, above all, to the lack of running water replaced by water body from rain or rivers, that favor the development of mollusks. Object: The current study aimed to investigate the distribution of intermediate host mollusks and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Bamako. Methode: This was a cross-sectional, one-time study conducted from April to June 2025. It covered all six communes. Gastropod collection was carried out between 8:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Sample Specimens were collected using forceps on aquatic vegetation and on submerged or partially submerged supports. Results: Species identification and cercaria emission tests were performed in the Laboratory. From the total of 307 samples 66.4% (n = 204) belonged to Bulinus truncatus, 32.6% (n = 100) to Bulinus globosus, and 0.97% (n = 3) to Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Communes I (CI) and V (CV) provided the largest number of samples, with 35.8% (110/307) of the mollusks captured, whereas no samples were observed in communes II and III. Relative densities varied from 27.5 gastropods/person/15 minutes at Dialakorodji 1 to 0 at Bankoni, Bougouba (CII) and Farako (CIII). Natural infestation rates were higher in CI (7.95%), low in CIV (2.77%), and zero in CII, CIII, and V. Conclusion: Only one species, Bulinus truncatus, was found to be infested. The observation of mollusks infected with cercariae shows the existence of active transmission foci of schistosomiasis in the Bamako district. Control of mollusks through watercourse sanitation seem to be a useful complementary strategy to strengthen chemotherapy outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.51028.10.2026
Morphometric analysis of raikheda watershed, parbhani district, Maharashtra using geospatial techniques

Madhukar More, Nitin Patil, Shivani Langote, Pratiksha Jondhale

ABSTRACT:
The morphometric analysis of any watershed provides an account about the topography of the area, geological conditions and runoff potential of the watershed. Morphometric analysis is the measurement of a three-dimensional geometry of the landforms and has traditionally been applied to watershed, drainages, hill slopes and other group of terrain features. The morphometric characteristics of a watershed represent its attributes and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological behaviour. Remote Sensing and GIS technique is a powerful tool for morphometric analysis. It provides efficient tool in drainage delineation and updating. It is effective in overcoming most of the problems of land and water resources planning and management on the account of usage of conventional methods of data process. Morphometric analysis of a watershed is an essential first step, towards basic understanding of watershed dynamics. Any hydrological investigation, such as determining the potential and management of groundwater, must consider the drainage basin analysis. The physiographic properties of drainage basins, such as stream length and size, drainage density, area and slope of the drainage area, and the shape and size of the drainage area, can be connected with a number important hydrologic phenomenon. Considering this, the present study, ‘Morphometric Analysis of Raikheda Watershed, Parbhani District, Maharashtra using Geospatial Techniques’ was conducted during the year 2024-25. The morphometric characteristics of the Raikheda watershed were determined using ArcGIS software and SRTM DEM downloaded from USGS. Raikheda watershed covers an area about 6 km2, with basin length 4.12m and perimeter 12m. The total length of stream in the watershed was 7110 m. The length of first, second and third order streams were 2813m, 4165m, and 132m respectively. The overall, mean stream length for the watershed was 824m. The value of the mean of the all bifurcation ratio( Rb ) was 5.57. The value of drainage density (Dd) 1.185km/km2 indicate coarse pattern of drainage network. The drainage texture value was 3.08. The value of the stream frequency (Fs) was determined as 6.17 which is indicate permeable sub-surface material and moderate to low relief. The value of the form factor (Ff) was determined as 0.35 which indicated elongated shape of watershed. The value of elongation ratio (Re) was 0.67 which also, indicated the elongated shape of watershed. elongated in shape. The value of circulatory ratio for the watershed was found as 0.52. Average constant of channel maintenance(C) was 0.843 for the watershed. The value of basin relief (R) 71m indicated moderate relief, higher infiltration and low runoff potential of the watershed. The value of relief ratio was 0.0172. In the Raikheda watershed the value of ruggedness numbe r(Rn) was 0.0841, indicating slightly rugged area with moderate relief and medium degree of soil erosion. The Raikheda watershed has low degree of slope with higher infiltration rate.The study helped to understand the basin hydrology, ground water potential, identification of sites for soil and water conservation works, and for overall natural resource management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50999.10.2026
Modeling intensity–duration–frequency curves for rainstorms in the cities of sokode and mango, northern Togo

Senanou GBAFA, Sena APEKE, Kokou WOTODZO and Ismael BINGUITCHA-FARE.

ABSTRACT:
Preventing flood-related natural disasters requires an understanding of climatic factors such as rainfall and, in particular, storm intensities. To address the shortage of flood-risk prevention data for the cities of Sokodé and Mango in northern Togo, an analysis of storm intensity characteristics was carried out. Pluviographic data from the Sokodé and Mango stations were collected over periods of 18 and 16 years, respectively. The various distribution fits were assessed using the chi-square (χ²) and Anderson–Darling tests. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) showed that the Gumbel distribution (GEV I) best describes short-duration rainfall of 5 and 10 minutes for Sokodé, and durations shorter than 55 minutes for Mango. Longer-duration rainfall—greater than 40 minutes for Sokodé and 60 minutes for Mango—follows the GEV III distribution. A comparison of the root mean square errors and correlation coefficients of four empirical equations (Montana, Talbot, Keifer & Chu, and Wanielista) showed that the Keifer & Chu formula best describes the maximum average rainfall in the cities of Sokodé and Mango. The Montana formula, commonly used in previous models, produced larger quadratic errors than the other formulas. Accordingly, intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves were established for the cities of Sokodé and Mango for return periods of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50930.10.2026
Emotional intelligence, interpersonal competency and soft skills to enhance employability in the present scenario of artificial intelligence techno-competitive environment

Ranjini Ramachandran, A.

ABSTRACT:
At the present of multifaceted and intricate techno-competitive business environment, the application of the artificial intelligence, interpersonal relations and competence collaborated and corroborated soft skill are playing a crucial role in the management and success of an organisation. The innumerable soft skills supported with emotional intelligence in sundry respects supported by interpersonal skills of a human being in a position to knob and lever different and diversified real life situations in the organisation’s environment. The key issue of the job seekers and unemployed, even though they are highly educationally qualified are the issue of lack of emotional intelligence, interpersonal relations and soft skills at the application level. At the application level the youth who pass out from the various educational institutions are deficient the employability at the very outset as because they are lacking such key qualities like emotional intelligence, interpersonal competency and soft skills. In order to improve the employability of the youth, educational institutions are required to provide rigorous training with practical situations and simulations which helps to acquire the most important qualities of employment rather than providing simply theoretical classes. The latest employability research report issued by Mercer Mettil unveiled that the employability among Indian graduates 42.6%in the year 2024.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50875.10.2026

Health Sciences

Electrolyte profile from patientswith covid-19 at the infectious and tropical diseases department of treichville university hospital, Côte d’Ivoire

KAMBOU Sansan Philippe, LOHOUES Essis Esmel Claude, KAMBIRE Dinanibè, KOFFI Konan Gervais, MEHMET H. Köseoğlu, DJOHAN Youzan Ferdinan, MONDE Aké Absalome and CISSE-CAMARA Massara

ABSTRACT:
Background: Electrolyte disturbances are frequently reported in patients with COVID-19 and may influence clinical management. This study aimed to assess serum electrolyte profiles in-patients with COVID-19 at Treichville University Hospital, Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from March 14 to July 23, 2020, involving 60 patients with confirmed COVID-19. Serum sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were measured using an ion-selective electrode method on a Medica Easylyte automated analyzer. Results: Men accounted for 56.67% of patients, and the most represented age group was 50–59 years (30%). Serum sodium concentrations differed significantly between hypernatremic, hyponatremic, and normonatremic groups (p<0.0001), without significant sex-related differences. Hyperkalemic patients had higher potassium concentrations than normokalemic patients (p< 0.01), with significantly higher values in men than women within the hyperkalemic group (p< 0.05). Hyperchloremic patients exhibited significantly higher chloride concentrations than normochloremic and hypochloremic patients (p< 0.0001). Conclusion: Electrolyte abnormalities were observed among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, highlighting the importance of serum electrolyte assessment and monitoring alongside clinical evaluation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.51012.10.2026
Manual threapy in rounded shoulder posture: A scoping review

Dr. Sarthaki P Gaikwad, Dr. Rupali Shevalkar (PT) and Dr. Meghana Khadilkar (PT)

ABSTRACT:
Background: Rounded shoulder posture (RSP) is a common postural impairment characterized by increased thoracic kyphosis and forward shoulder displacement. Manual therapy has been increasingly used as an intervention to correct rounded shoulder posture; however, the scope, type, and effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear. This study aimed to provide evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of manual therapy for rounded shoulder posture and to identify research gaps for future investigation. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, PEDro, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering the period from 2015 to 2025. A total of 898 articles were reviewed and screened based on the predefined inclusion criteria. Ten articles were included in this review. The primary findings were classified into categories such as intervention protocols, outcome measures utilized, targeted muscle, and conclusions drawn by the respective studies. Results: The study found a variety of manual treatment approaches employed to correct rounded shoulder posture. Although the available data are variable and lack highly qualified research to prove effectiveness and direct therapeutic practice, more research using established procedures is required. Conclusion: Manual therapy shows potential benefits, but the variability in protocols and assessment approaches limits definitive conclusions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50998.10.2026
Dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation des terres dans le paysage urbain et périurbain de niamey (Niger) de 2000 à 2025

ALZOUMA SANDA Ramatou, DOUMA Soumana, SOUMANA Boubacar, GARBA BOULAMINE Mounkaila, NOUHOU MOSSI Oumoul-kaïrou

ABSTRACT:
Depuis des décennies, la croissance démographique, l'étalement urbain et l'augmentation des besoins en logements et en infrastructures ont profondément modifié l'organisation spatiale de la capitale nigérienne et de sa périphérie. Cette étude analyse la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation des terres dans le paysage urbain et périurbain de Niamey entre 2000 et 2025. La méthodologie utilisée repose sur l'exploitation des images satellitaires acquises en 2000 et 2025, des systèmes d'information géographique (SIG), aux techniques de télédétection et aux matrices de transition. L’évolution de la couverture a été évaluée à partir de l’indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI). Les résultats révèlent une forte persistance des classes d’occupation du sol avec 72,02 % des surfaces demeurant dans leur classe initiale. Toutefois, une recomposition du paysage marquée par une augmentation des terrains rocheux de 17,22% à 17,80% et du bâti de 3,07% à 11,34% est observée. Tandis que, les surfaces agricoles diminuent de 43,53% à 35,13% entre 2000 et 2025. La variation du NDVI montre que 43,97% de la superficie reste stable, 34,07% connait une régression et 21,96% une progression. La régression dépasse ainsi la progression de 12,12% traduisant une tendance globale à la diminution de la couverture végétale. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une recomposition progressive du territoire caractérisé par la persistance de certaines unités d’occupation du sol, l’extension des surfaces bâties et minérales et une régression localisée du couvert végétal.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50993.10.2026
Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome complicated by "ventilator-associated" pneumonia

Kushnareva M.V. and VetrovaE.V.

ABSTRACT:
Contexte: Introduction. The high incidence of "ventilator-associated" pneumonia (VAP) in premature infants and mortality from this disease necessitatethe need to optimize treatment and prevention. Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of the clinical course of VAP in infants who received intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) from the 2nd day of life, in the acute period of pneumonia and in newborns who did not receive IVIg. Material and methods: We observed 112 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who were on mechanical ventilation. VAP developed in 98 infants. Results: It was found that the inclusion of IVIg into the treatment complex for infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on mechanical ventilation of the lungs (MVL) on the second day of life allows to significantly (by 2 times) reduce the risk of pneumonia, the duration and severity of the disease, including with the outcome in sepsis, mortality (by 2 times) and the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia formation compared to newborns who received IVIg in the acute period of pneumonia and with infants who did not receive immunotherapy. The use of IVIg at the onset or in the acute period of VAP increased the effectiveness of therapy compared to the basic treatment complex. Conclusion: Early administration of IVIg (from the second day of life) in the complex treatment of RDS in infants at high risk of developing pneumonia is the most appropriate, as it reduces the incidence of this complication and increases the effectiveness of its treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50970.10.2026

Social Sciences and Humanities

Supporting autistic pupils’ academic success in mainstream classrooms: teaching practices, adapted communication and resources in ouaga 5 and ouaga 10, Burkina Faso

Yasnoga Félicité COULIBALY, Akimou TCHAGNAOU and Kossi Eli SENAYAH

ABSTRACT:
In Burkina Faso, as in many West African contexts, inclusive education remains a normative ideal that teaching practice still struggles to put into effect for pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines the contribution of inclusive pedagogical practices, adapted communication tools and support resources to the academic success of autistic pupils enrolled in mainstream classrooms in the Ouaga 5 and Ouaga 10 Basic Education Districts (CEB). Using a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on a purposive sample of thirty-six participants across four stakeholder groups: pedagogical supervisors, classroom teachers, headteachers and pupils, including autistic pupils who participated in focus groups. Data were collected using a questionnaire, a semi-structured interview guide, a classroom observation checklist and a framework for analysing academic results. Findings triangulated across stakeholder groups reveal almost universal use of differentiated instruction and peer tutoring, alongside persistent shortcomings in initial and continuing teacher training in inclusive education and a unanimously reported absence of specifically adapted teaching aids and visual communication supports. Chi-square tests applied to suitable variables confirm the statistical significance of several observed differences. However, a marked discrepancy between supervisors’ accounts and those of teachers and pupils regarding the availability of functional classroom displays reveals a breakdown in information sharing between levels of school supervision. These findings are discussed in relation to Bandura’s social learning theory, Vygotsky’s social constructivism and Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, which respectively illuminate the roles of pedagogical practices, communication tools and support resources in autistic pupils’ academic success. The study calls for structural improvements in teacher training, wider provision of adapted communication supports and a policy for supplying specialised teaching materials.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.51039.10.2026
Cultural practices and know-how of the senufo of northern kénédougou (Burkina Faso): current threats, developments and safeguarding measures

Islam Moussa

ABSTRACT:
Cette contribution a pour objet d’analyser les pratiques culturelles et les savoir-faire des Sénoufo du Kénédougou nord (Burkina Faso) dans un contexte de profondes recompositions sociales, économiques, religieuses et symboliques. Elle repose sur l’hypothèse que le patrimoine immatériel sénoufo – rites initiatiques, techniques agropastorales, artisanat, musique, danse, organisation lignagère, systèmes d’alliances et de médiation – reste un socle de cohésion sociale et un outil de régulation des rapports collectifs, tout en étant confronté à des menaces multiples. Elles tiennent notamment à la scolarisation formelle peu articulée aux savoirs endogènes, à l’urbanisation, à la mobilité des populations, à l’influence des médias de masse, aux recompositions religieuses, ainsi qu’aux effets conjugués de l’économie marchande et de la précarité. L’étude s’appuie sur une démarche qualitative fondée sur l’anthropologie culturelle et l’observation de terrain à partir d’entretiens réalisés auprès de détenteurs de savoirs, d’anciens, d’initiés, d’artisans, de musiciens, de jeunes et d’acteurs institutionnels locaux. Elle présente tout d’abord un panorama des pratiques culturelles et des savoir-faire majeurs chez les Sénoufo du Kénédougou nord, puis met en lumière les dynamiques de mutation et les modalités d’appropriation par les jeunes générations, avant d’identifier quelques stratégies communautaires et institutionnelles de sauvegarde.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50996.10.2026
Dysgraphic learners in benin efl classroom: towards an inclusive and transformative education

Arlette J. Viviane HOUNHANOU

ABSTRACT:
Dysgraphia is categorized among Specific Learning Disability (SLD). It is considered as a type of Specific Learning Disability that affects the ability of a child to output his/her ideas on paper. The current survey was conducted to identify EFL students with dysgraphia (students with writing problems) at secondary schools of Ouémé regions in Benin, a West Africa country. A sample of 240 students (N=240) were selected from four (04) different classes and four (04) schools of Ouémé region through a Purposive Sampling Technique. Data were collected through a self-developed tool, named ‘Identification of EFL Learners with Dysgraphia’, and followed by the class observation, and an interview with teachers. Findings indicated that about 37% of learners were facing problems in handwriting. It is then important that all stakeholders make a decision so as to assist these learners for a better support.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50980.10.2026
Indian philosophy and ai ethics: epistemic responsibility, non-harm, and human agency

Adrija Acharyya

ABSTRACT:
Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly performs tasks associated with human cognition, including linguistic production, classification, prediction, and decision-making. This development intensifies philosophical questions about knowledge, agency, responsibility, consciousness, and harm. This paper argues that Indian philosophy can contribute to AI ethics not by supplying an ancient “AI ethics” but by offering conceptual resources for critically evaluating technologically mediated cognition and action. Nyāya provides a rigorous distinction between a knower, means of knowledge, object, and valid cognition, thereby challenging the automatic epistemic authority of AI output. Sāṃkhya and Advaita Vedānta complicate the identification of computational intelligence with consciousness, while Viśiṣṭādvaita raises questions about the distinction between conscious selves and insentient matter. Buddhist ethics foregrounds the reduction of suffering; Jain anekāntavāda and syādvāda caution against one-sided representations and overconfident classification. Concepts such as ahiṃsā, satya, aparigraha, karma, and loka-saṃgraha can be reconstructed as principles of non-harm, information integrity, data restraint, responsibility, and social welfare. The resulting framework places human responsibility, epistemic humility, and protection of sentient beings at the centre of AI governance while remaining open to future arguments about machine consciousness and moral status.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50969.10.2026