Table of Contents: Volume 18; Issue 09; September, 2026

Life Sciences

Structure et performance de mobilisation des ressources financières des collectivités territoriales de faranah en république de Guinée

Oumar CAMARA, Mamadi Mariame CAMARA, Sara Bailo DIALLO and Momoya SYLLA

ABSTRACT:
La mobilisation des ressources financières propres demeure un enjeu central de l’autonomie des collectivités territoriales guinéennes, alors que les recettes effectivement recouvrées restent souvent inférieures aux prévisions. Cette étude analyse la typologie, la structure et la performance de mobilisation des ressources financières des seize collectivités territoriales de la préfecture de Faranah entre 2018 et 2022. Une approche mixte a combiné l’exploitation des budgets, comptes administratifs et rapports financiers à une enquête auprès de 303 acteurs de la gouvernance locale. Les données ont été analysées sous IBM SPSS Statistics 26 au moyen de statistiques descriptives et d’une ANOVA à un facteur. Les ressources recensées se répartissent en sept catégories, dominées par les produits du domaine et les recettes fiscales. Les recettes mobilisées sont passées de 529,72 millions GNF en 2018 à 1,37 milliard GNF en 2022, tandis que le taux de recouvrement a culminé à 51,08 % en 2019 avant de retomber à 40,80 % en 2022. Des différences significatives existent entre collectivités pour tous les indicateurs financiers étudiés (p < 0,001). Ces résultats montrent que l’autonomie financière dépend surtout du renforcement du recouvrement, de la gouvernance financière et de la digitalisation des régies locales.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50831.09.2026
Seasonality of food groups and characterization of foodconsumption norms in sedentary and pastoral environments In Niger

RABIOU ABDOU Abdoul Rachid ABDOU SOULEY Roukaya OUMAROU DIADIE Halima and BALLA Abdourahamane

ABSTRACT:
This study aims to contribute to the analysis of food consumption in Niger. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study that included 845 households distributed according to their place of residence (urban, rural, and pastoral). The methodology used consisted of a series of surveys. The first survey (a focus group) was conducted to determine the seasonality of food products, their origin, and their use by households. In a second phase, a food survey was carried out to determine food consumption norms by incorporating the national food balance according to the method proposed by AGHRYMET (2004). The results showed that in Niger, food seasonality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Six of the eight months of the dry season (October to March) showed varying levels of availability of the products most frequently found in the population's diet. Foods primarily imported (fruits and vegetables) exhibit a particular seasonality, changing differently from other staple foods. Regarding food consumption standards, the study revealed that average food intake varies from 316.80 ± 42.55 kg to 299.38 ± 40.86 kg per person per year in urban, rural, and pastoral areas, respectively. The seasonality of food groups and food consumption standards are key factors to consider in ensuring a better food and nutritional situation for the population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50869.09.2026
Formulation and evaluation of zolmitriptan nasal spray for rapid migraine relief

Dr. Asha Rani, M., Hikshitha, D.P., Hemanth Kumar, Y., Chethan Gowda, M., Shambhavi, D. and Suprith Gowda, G.N.

ABSTRACT:
Background: Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder with severe headaches, nausea, and photophobia. Oral triptans like zolmitriptan can be effective but may have delayed onset due to gastric stasis. Nasal delivery bypasses the gut, providing rapid relief. Objective: To formulate and evaluate a zolmitriptan nasal spray for the quick treatment of acute migraine, focusing on rapid drug release and onset of action. Methods: Zolmitriptan nasal spray formulations used different polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, or chitosan) as viscosity modifiers. They were characterized for pH, viscosity, spray content uniformity, in vitro drug diffusion through the nasal membrane, and drug-excipient compatibility (FTIR). A UV spectrophotometric method quantified the drug after constructing a calibration curve of zolmitriptan in pH 5.8 buffer. Results: All formulations had pH 5.5–6.0 suitable for nasal mucosa, with uniform drug content. FTIR confirmed drug-excipient compatibility. In-vitro diffusion showed chitosan formulation (F3) released about 20% of drug in 5 min and 61.86% in 85 min, much faster than HPMC or MC formulations. This rapid release correlated with quicker action. The spray delivered about 0.15 mL per actuation with consistent dosing. Conclusion: A zolmitriptan nasal spray with chitosan as a mucoadhesive polymer provides rapid drug release, achieving significant drug diffusion within minutes. This formulation offers a promising approach for quick relief in acute migraine, potentially benefiting patients who require a rapid onset of effect and those with migraine-induced gastric stasis. The nasal route thus combines the efficacy of zolmitriptan with an improved delivery profile for managing acute migraine.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50910.09.2026

Physical Sciences and Engineering

Possibility theory for managerial and economic decision-making under uncertainty

Dr. Jayesh Vijay Rao Karanjgaonkar

ABSTRACT:
Background: Managerial and economic decisions are routinely made under incomplete, vague, or ambiguous information that classical probability theory is not always well suited to represent, particularly when the uncertainty involved is epistemic or linguistic rather than purely a matter of chance. Methods: This is a conceptual review paper. It develops a taxonomy of uncertainty types relevant to managerial and economic decision-making, sets out the formal apparatus of possibility theory, and reviews methods for constructing possibility distributions, applying this apparatus to established managerial and economic decision problems drawn from the literature. Results: Only aleatory (chance-based) uncertainty is naturally suited to probabilistic treatment; epistemic, linguistic, model, completeness, value, recognition, and decision-related uncertainty are common in business practice but poorly served by forced probability estimates. Possibility theory, through crisp, fuzzy, and interval restrictions and six practical construction methods, applies directly to risk assessment, strategic planning, resource allocation, project scheduling, supplier selection, and negotiation, and to consumer behaviour, firm production decisions, macroeconomic forecasting, and investment decisions under Knightian uncertainty. Conclusion: Possibility theory merits a routine, taught place alongside probability theory in applied managerial and economic decision analysis, reserved specifically for uncertainty that is vague, judgement-based, and non-frequentist in character.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50909.09.2026
Existence of nash equilibrium in generalized b-metric spaces via multi-valued fixed-point theorems

Shivani Vishnoi and Dr. S. K. Malhotra

ABSTRACT:
In this paper, the existence problem for Nash equilibrium is restated as a fixed point problem for a multivalued mapping in a generalized b-metric strategy profile space with metric contractivity rather than the traditional topological properties of compactness, convexity, and continuity. The strategy space is endowed with a complete b-metric with constant s≥1, and the set-valued best response mapping Bis closed and bounded-valued with Pompeiu-Hausdorff contraction property H_d (B,(x)B(y) )≤λd(x,y). The central result establishes the compatibility threshold s√λ<1, at which Bhas a unique fixed point identical to a Nash equilibrium. The bound provides the trade-off between the level of contraction and the magnification caused by relaxing the triangle inequality, reverting to the well-known condition λ<1 when s=1. Based on this existence result, the article provides a geometric rate of convergence for best response iterations, a perturbation stability result for best response correspondences that are uniformly close, and a Tykhonov-type well-posedness result with extra assumptions. A two-person game with true set-valued best responses is solved analytically as an example for validating the assumptions, with some sensitivity analysis of the threshold s√λ<1. Contribution The contribution is methodological in that it finds sufficient conditions for equilibrium existence using metric completeness and contractivity without depending mainly on convexity and upper semicontinuity, and incorporates best response sensitivity explicitly.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50943.09.2026

Health Sciences

Caractérisation floristique et structurale des sites maraichers de la vallée de la maggia dans la commune de dogueraoua

Kaïgama HAMISSOU SALAO, Rabé KANÉ, Habou RABIOU, Abdoul-Latif HAMANI NOMA and Ali MAHAMANE

ABSTRACT:
La caractérisation floristique et structurale des sites maraichers de la vallée de la Maggia a été conduite dans la commune de Dogueraoua/Niger. L’objectif été de caractériser les indices écologiques des espèces ligneuses sur les sites maraichers suivant le gradients (amont, centre et aval) à travers la réalisation des inventaires, les structures démographiques et la mise en relation entre les niveaux statiques des eaux et les espèces ligneuses. La méthodologie adaptée a consisté à l’indentification des sites cibles, la réalisation de 5 placettes (2500m²) par cites ainsi que les relevés floristiques. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide de tableur Excel 2019, de Minitab 22 et de logiciel Arc gis 10.8. Au total, 50 placettes ont été réalisées. Il est recensé 295 pieds d’arbres repartis en 23 espèces puis groupées en 13 familles (Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Balanitaceae, Bombacaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Moringaceae, Myrtaceae, Rhamnaceae et Rutaceae). La famille de Mimosaceae est la plus représentée avec 5 espèces dont une fréquence de 21,7%. Azadirachta indica est l’espèces la plus dominantes avec 61,35% de l’effectif globale. Il est constaté cette dominance sur les zones amont et centre et celle d’Acacia nilotica sur la zone avale. La densité est de 23,6 pieds à l’hectare avec de légère différence par gradient. L’indice IVI calculé est de 3,17 bits expliquant une hétérogénéité et la diversité moyenne. L’équitabilité de Pielou (E) est de 0,70 dont il s’agit d’un phénomène de dominance moyenne entre les espèces recensées. Les autres valeurs de H’ sont de même comprise 2,5 ≤ H’ < 4 et E dispose d’une légère augmentation. La hauteur moyenne des espèces est de 7,9±4,8 m. La hauteur moyenne de Lorey (m) de 1,2±0,8 m pour l’ensemble des arbres recensées. Le diamètre moyen de houppier est de 4,5±1,9 m et un recouvrement moyen de 4,9%. Il s’agit d’un peuplement des arbres de petites et de grandes tailles plus ou moins élagués. Le paramètre de forme (c) de la distribution de Weibull est compris entre 1 à 3,6 et caractéristique d’une dominance des espèces ligneuses de faibles diamètres ou plus jeunes pour les parties (amont et aval) et de particularité au centre. La détermination de la variation de niveau statique des eaux en fonction des saisons et de gradients (amont, centre et aval) ont influencé certaines espèces ligneuses dont il est important de renforcer les plantations et d’entretiens. En fin, il est ressorti de l’ACP que la variation de niveau statique des eaux par saisons influe plus les espèces ligneuses par apport au gradient. Les Sclerocarya birrea et Ziziphus mauritiana sont plus fréquentes lorsque le niveau de nappe s’abaisse au détriment des Bauhinia rufescens et Faidherbia albida. Il est recommandé de lutter contre les espèces envahissantes (Prosopis Sp), de réaliser les travaux de CES/DRS et de plantations dans la zone d’étude.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50908.09.2026
Orthodontic space closure in a patient with congenitally missing mandibular second premolars and compromised first molars: a case report and focused literature review

Dr. Damodar Bhat, Dr. Ashok Kumar Jena, Dr. Jitendra Sharan, Dr. Iswariya A, and Dr. Abid Majeed Rather

ABSTRACT:
An 18-year-old female with skeletal Class I malocclusion, hyperdivergent growth pattern, bimaxillary crowding, compromised permanent first molars, and bilateral congenital absence of mandibular second premolars was treated with fixed mechanotherapy following strategic extraction of the compromised first molars. Maxillary molar mesialization was performed using NiTi closed-coil springs, while mandibular mesialization employed reverse helical loops with tip-back bends. Complete extraction space closure and sequential posterior tooth substitution were achieved without skeletal anchorage, resulting in a functional therapeutic Class III molar and Class I canine relationship, improved alignment, dental midlines, incisor inclination, and soft tissue profile. No significant root resorption or periodontal compromise was observed. The case demonstrates that controlled molar mesialization and sequential posterior substitution can provide a conservative alternative to prosthetic rehabilitation in selected patients with congenitally missing mandibular second premolars and compromised first molars.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50920.09.2026
Structural transformation, spatial polarization, and the sub-national resource curse: a diagnostic and spatial trade analysis of Chhattisgarh, India

Aditya Raj Gupta and Ravindra Kumar Thawait

ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the structural, commercial, and spatial dynamics of Chhattisgarh—a landlocked, natural-resource-abundant province in Central India—using harmonized macroeconomic, banking, and trade records across the 2011–12 constant series. Despite accounting for a major share (approximately 13.4% based on recent Indian Bureau of Mines and state economic surveys) of India’s total mineral production value and maintaining base load electricity surpluses, the state exhibits classic sub-national resource enclave dynamics. Analysis of Gross Value Added reveals an industrial sector generating over 50% of real output, while modern commercial services—specifically Trade, Repair, and Hospitality (LQ = 0.67) and Financial Intermediation (LQ = 0.60)—exhibit persistent structural deficits. Outbound merchandise trade displays high commodity concentration (longitudinal mean HHI* = 0.294), with over 81% of export value concentrated in primary metals and bulk rice. Spatially, commercial bank credit is heavily polarized along the central urban spine (absorbing 68.4% of credit with a Credit-Deposit ratio of 88.6%), while peripheral agrarian and forested belts register ratios between 42.5% and 48.2%. The analysis clarifies that while decentralized public grain procurement cushions farm receipts, low credit deployment in peripheral belts reflects statutory collateral constraints under Fifth Schedule (PESA) land protections in tribal areas, alongside agricultural crop-financing dynamics in rural plains, rather than simple capital flight. We conclude by outlining targeted non-distortionary policy interventions in multi-modal logistics and non-timber forest produce supply chains to support regional economic diversification.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50937.09.2026

Social Sciences and Humanities

The human+ model redefining masculinity through emotional courage, reciprocity and humanistic leadership

Dr. Ignacio Bonasa Alzuria

ABSTRACT:
Masculinity is not a fixed biological script but a socially learned and context-sensitive way of interpreting strength, responsibility, emotion, work, care and authority. In many organizations, however, masculine credibility continues to be associated with emotional restriction, invulnerability, extreme self-reliance, competitive dominance and uninterrupted work devotion. These expectations may reward some men in the short term while generating hidden costs for men, women, teams and organizations: silence, delayed help-seeking, burnout, poor-quality relationships, exclusion and leadership cultures in which appearing strong becomes more important than acting wisely. This conceptual research paper develops the Human+ Model, a strengths-based framework for a new, plural and accountable masculinity in organizational life. The study uses an integrative review of scholarship on masculinities, men’s mental health, leadership, psychological safety, workplace well-being and gender-transformative practice. It synthesizes this literature into eight mutually reinforcing dimensions: self-awareness, emotional literacy, conscious vulnerability, relational courage, reciprocity and care, purpose and ethical responsibility, integrated strength, and generative leadership. The model rejects both the idealization and the condemnation of masculinity. Instead, it distinguishes strength from domination, courage from emotional denial, autonomy from isolation, ambition from work addiction, and protection from control. The article presents a multilevel logic connecting individual identity, interpersonal behavior, team climate and organizational systems; formulates research propositions; proposes a Human+ Organizational Masculinity Index; and outlines practical interventions for leadership development and human-resource policy. The central argument is that healthier masculinities are not a concession that diminishes men. They are an expansion of human capacity. When men are permitted and expected to combine competence with care, authority with listening, and resilience with help-seeking, organizations gain more trustworthy leaders, safer teams and more sustainable performance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50770.09.2026
Marchés fonciers et enjeux des arrangements marchands de la sous-préfecture de boguédia dans la région du haut-sassandra (Côte d’Ivoire)

KOFFI Koffi Gnamien Jean-claude, KONE Aboulaye and KONAN Koff

ABSTRACT:
Créés dans un contexte de crise agro-foncière, les arrangements fonciers connaissent une évolution notable. Ces pratiques régissent les relations socio-économiques des agriculteurs de la Sous-Préfecture de Boguédia. Cet article met en lumière les enjeux des arrangements de marchés fonciers entre les populations locales et les populations non autochtones et migrantes. La recherche qualitative a été menée par observation directe, des entretiens semi-directifs et l’analyse documentaire. Cette étude a mobilisé comme outils de collecte de données, des guides d'entretien, une grille d'observation et une grille de recherche. Les résultats démontrent l'imbrication de l'économie morale et de l'économie de marché dans les transactions foncières à Boguédia. Face à la rareté des terres et aux difficultés administratives liées à la vente des terres des populations allochtones et allogènes, les acteurs privilégient d'autres formes d'arrangements (location, métayage, gage, prêt et tontine des terres) issues de l'économie morale. Ces arrangements reposent sur la confiance, le contrôle social, la solidarité et la résilience des acteurs impliqués. Ils permettent non seulement aux migrants d'accéder individuellement ou collectivement à la terre pour une période déterminée, mais engendrent également de nouveaux conflits fonciers intercommunautaires. Toutefois, ces conflits fonciers liés aux nouveaux arrangements contribuent à la restructuration de la société et de ses mécanismes de régulation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50911.09.2026
Performance and management of a university social incubator: methodological development, implementation and adaptation of the porto sul social incubator (2023–2026)

Irlla Maria Santos Pereira and Gustavo da Cruz

ABSTRACT:
This article analyses the development of management, performance and methodological adaptation within the Porto Sul Social Incubator (ISPS), an outreach project of the State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), developed in partnership with Bahia Mineração (BAMIN) between 2023 and the first half of 2026. This is an applied, descriptive and analytical study employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, conducted through a case study, documentary research and a literature review. Management plans, reports, activity records, spreadsheets, training materials and institutional dashboards were analysed. The results recorded 653 mobilisation activities, reaching 8,645 people across 28 communities, with 16 entrepreneurs selected and 18 training topics delivered. A substantial increase in advisory sessions was observed, from seven in 2023 to 22 in 2025, accompanied by an increase in average participation. Methodological adaptations were also identified, including the replacement of a formal public call with invitation letters, cohort restructuring, the expansion of training content and the introduction of complementary activities. The study concludes that the ISPS underwent progressive organisational structuring, intensified participant support and demonstrated adaptive capacity, although more systematic indicators of participant retention and enterprise outcomes are still required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.50924.09.2026