Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 03; March 2025

Background: Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT) can cause lung diseases with clinical and radiological features similar to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, (MTBC) leading to potential misdiagnosis in the absence of specific diagnostic tests. This study aimed to identify MOTT among Mycobacterial culture isolates using the Bioline TB AgMPT64 assay at the Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in Dar es Salaam. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory. We analyzed Mycobacterial isolates to distinguish MOTT from MTBC using the Bioline TB AgMPT64 assay, which detects the secreted Mycobacterium Tuberculosis protein 64 antigen. Results: A total of 150 Mycobacterial isolates were characterized and of these, 92% were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, while 8% were classified as Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis. Among the MOTT isolates, 35% were found among People living with HIV. Furthermore, none of the MOTT isolates were detected by the GeneXpert/Ultra diagnostic assay. A significant association was found between HIV status and the occurrence of MOTT, with a p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: This study has shown that a significant proportion of MOTT isolates are misidentified as MOTT, which may impact the treatment outcome, and management of the patients infected with these strains.

A smart irrigation system that allows selective irrigation of localized leaf disease in an agricultural field. The proposed irrigation system uses a quadcopter drone equipped with a camera and a GPS module to generate georeferenced images that indicate the area and location of the disease in a leaf in a survey area. Drones navigate and acquire aerial images, which are then processed by an onboard edge intelligence module along with flight data (GPS coordinates). Smart irrigation deployed on the field can wirelessly receive the coordinates of leaf disease in the land so they can be irrigated selectively.

Background: Monopolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) has long been considered the gold standard for managing Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). In recent years, bipolar TURP has emerged as an alternative, claiming reduced complications. This study aims to compare the outcomes of monopolar versus bipolar TURP (1, 2). Methods: A prospective study of 150 patients undergoing TURP was conducted at a tertiary care center over 18 months. Patients were divided into two groups: monopolar (n=75) and bipolar (n=75). Intraoperative parameters (operative time, blood loss), postoperative recovery (catheterization time, hospital stay), and complications were evaluated. Results: Monopolar TURP demonstrated shorter operative time (mean 55 ± 10 min vs. 65 ± 12 min, p<0.05), lower intraoperative blood loss (average 180 ± 20 mL vs. 250 ± 30 mL, p<0.05), and faster postoperative recovery. Complication rates, including urethral strictures and TUR syndrome, were lower in the monopolar group (5% vs. 12%, p<0.05). Conclusion: Monopolar TURP remains superior to bipolar TURP in terms of operative efficiency, blood loss, and overall patient outcomes, reaffirming its role as the gold standard in BPH surgery.

Purpose: This review explores Gender Dysphoria (GD), previously referred to as Gender Identity Disorder, by examining its medical, psychological, and social dimensions. It assesses the current landscape of transgender healthcare in India, compares it with global trends, and highlights the role of plastic surgery and emerging medical innovations in shaping gender-affirming care. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Search terms included “Gender Dysphoria,” “Transgender Healthcare,” “Gender-Affirming Surgery,” and “Mental Health and Transgender Individuals.” Only peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 were included. Selection criteria prioritized methodological rigor, inclusion of both Indian and global perspectives, and relevance to the medical and psychological aspects of Gender Dysphoria. Results: Global prevalence rates of Gender Dysphoria range from 0.3% to 1.3%, whereas India reports a lower recorded prevalence of 0.04%, likely due to underreporting and societal stigma. Gender-affirming surgeries (GAS) have seen a significant global increase, and India has witnessed a growing demand, driven by affordability, medical tourism, and rising social acceptance. However, barriers such as inadequate insurance coverage, lack of trained professionals, and healthcare discrimination continue to limit access for transgender individuals. Conclusion: India is emerging as a prominent hub for gender-affirming care, but systemic challenges such as social stigma, inadequate professional training, and limited insurance coverage persist. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term psychological and surgical outcomes, expanding insurance policies, and enhancing specialized medical training to ensure equitable access to transgender healthcare.

Iron supplementation is commonly prescribed to prevent or treat iron deficiency anaemia. However, its potential mutagenic effects on reproductive cells have been a topic of increasing concern. This study aims to evaluate the mutagenic effect of iron tablets on mouse sperm cells and the productive role of Aegle marmelos leaves, a medicinal plant. In India it’s common name is bel patra. We conducted a series of experiment involving the administration of iron tablets to male mice and assessed the induced mutagenic effect in sperm cells, by analysing the sperm morphology. Additionally, we explored the ameliorative potential of Aegle marmelos leaf extract, which has been previously recognised for its antioxidant and protective properties. Results showed that iron supplementation significantly increased the frequency of sperm abnormalities and DNA damage. However treatment with Aegle marmelos possesess potential protective properties against the mutagenic impact of iron supplementation on male reproductive health.

Arbuda in the context of disease refers to tumour or growth in Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. It can be benign or malignant. It is essentially an abnormal mass or swelling in the body, often linked to excessive or abnormal growths that arise due to an imbalance of the dos has leading to its formation in the body. It appears to be prevalent since Vedic Periods. Ancient Classics and Medical works have discussed the disease condition in detail in terms of prevention, etiology, pathogenesis and different treatment interventions like Pharmacological, Surgical and Para – Surgical measures including diet & Life – Style prescriptions. The treatment in Ayurveda typically involves balancing the doshas through diet, drugs, detoxification processes, and other holistic therapies. Modern medicine tends to be more focused on the tumor itself, targeting the growth directly through surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. But, the underlying philosophy of Ayurvedic treatment is to address the root cause of the disease and focusing on a holistic approach in addressing the root cause of imbalances and working to restore overall health through detoxification, drug therapies, diet and Life – Style modifications.

The advent of 3D bioprinting has transformed cancer research by enabling the creation of physiologically relevant tumor models. These models replicate the tumor microenvironment (TME) with high precision, allowing for more accurate testing of immunotherapeutic agents. This review explores key advancements in bioprinting technologies, bioink formulations, and immune cell integration within printed tumor models. The development of patient-specific models and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven bioprinting techniques has further enhanced the personalization of cancer treatment. Future directions focus on vascularization and the integration of bioprinted models with organ-on-a-chip systems, promising more effective drug screening and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with increased metabolic demands and nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin D deficiency, which exacerbates complications such as musculoskeletal disorders and infections. This study aimed to assess vitamin D status, identify risk factors, and evaluate its relationship with clinical outcomes in children with SCD in a rural setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 children (6 months–18 years) with SCD (SS or S Beta thal pattern). Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results revealed 56.6% had deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and 43.4% had insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL). Deficiency was highest in adolescents (13–18 years, 46.7%), while insufficiency peaked in younger children (3–6 years, 19.6%). Age significantly influenced vitamin D levels (p = 0.0162), with no gender-based differences. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, particularly among adolescents, underscores the need for targeted interventions, including supplementation and lifestyle modifications, to address this nutritional gap and improve clinical outcomes in children with SCD. These findings highlight the importance of routine screening and tailored strategies to mitigate vitamin D deficiency in this vulnerable population

Breast feeding is a natural source of food for the baby’s those who are below two years of age. It is economically friendly, ready to use safely, develop immunity and also helps to develop bonding between the mother and child and also through breast feeding can be prevented malnourishment, infection, and also reduces infant mortality rate. According to WHO guidelines the first six months for the baby must be provide exclusive breast feeding it will benefit the infant for nutritional and immunological development therefore soon after the delivery we should encouraged the mother to feed the baby but still in our country there is a stigma that should not give the first breast milk to the baby so this will affect the immunity, growth and development of the infant.The objective of the study to assess the attitude and knowledge among the young people resides around the suttur village, Mysore. The methods was used a descriptive study designs was adopted and random sampling technique was used to select the sample to find the awareness of the breastfeeding and can remove this stigma and discrimination.Among120 samples 26.6% were male and 73.4% were female, their majority age around 20 to 24 years, 99.16% people were not agreed with Breast milk and bottled milk is the same, 85% were agreed with Breast milk provides all the nutrients to baby, 73% were disagreed breastfeeding woman cannot return to work, 99.16% were disagreed with Breast milk and bottled milk are the same. The result suggests that still stigma was present There are no significant difference in the attitude scores of with misconception and gaps. There is a need for multi educational programme improving the awareness and knowledge of breast feeding. This study helps to find the whether awareness of the breastfeed exclusively to age 6 months and intention to meet this recommendation of WHO breastfeeding practices

Les crises humanitaires, notamment les catastrophes naturelles, les conflits et les épidémies de maladies infectieuses, menacent la santé, la sécurité et le bien-être des enfants, des familles et des communautés. La méthode utilisée, est axée sur la revue documentaire mais aussi sur des données quantitatives et qualitatives collectées et analysées de Juillet à Août 2024 dans 6 communes, 30 arrondissements et 60 villages du département de l’Alibori, en République du Bénin. Au total, 611 personnes ont été interviewées avec le questionnaire. Tandis que, 122 entretiens individuels ont été fait avec les personnes ressources. Aussi, 63 focus groups ont été organisés. Cet article analyse la perception des populations d’accueil et des migrants (immigrants et émigrées de retour)surl’existence des risques de radicalisation et d’extrémisme avec les mouvements migratoires dans le département de l’Alibori. Les principaux facteurs de risques identifiés, incluent la marginalisation socio-économique, le manque d’opportunités éducatives et professionnelles, ainsi que l’influence de groupes extrémistes qui exploitent ces vulnérabilités. Les communautés locales perçoivent la radicalisation comme une menace croissante, affectant particulièrement les jeunes. L’étude de ces phénomènes nécessite une approche multidisciplinaire, combinant des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives. Sur la base des résultats et analyses, il convient de souligner que l’hypothèse de base de cette recherche est confirmée. Effectivement, la diversité des mouvements migratoires dans le département de l’Alibori au Nord-Bénin expose les communes de cette zone à la radicalisation et à l’extrémisme violent. Mais les participants a cette enquête ont une appréciation variée sur l’existence des risques, des attitudes et comportements des migrants face aux phénomènes de radicalisation et d’extrémisme violent. Aussi, le positionnement du département, l’hétérogénéité des migrants, la diversité culturelle et la formation des réseaux sociaux culturelle ou politique sont à la base du risque de la radicalisation et de l’extrémisme violent dans ce département.

The Indian automobile industry has witnessed significant growth and transformation over the past decade, driven by technological advancements, evolving consumer preferences, and government policies. India has reportedly become the world’s third-largest automotive market in 2022. India's automobile industry is a vital sector, ranking as the 3rd largest auto market globally by sales and 4th largest by production and valuation, contributing significantly to the national GDP and employment. It's witnessing growth in production, domestic sales, and exports, with a focus on electric vehicles and collaborations with global players. The present paper measures the trend analysis of select passenger car companies in India for the period of 5 years from 2024 to 2028. The secondary data were used for this study and analyzed by using Trend Analysis.

The digital revolution has transformed cultural promotion and product marketing globally. Hunan Province, China, rich in cultural heritage and specialty products, can leverage TikTok to enhance its global visibility. This study investigates strategies for promoting Hunan’s culture and products on TikTok, analyzing the platform’s features and successful case studies. Key findings emphasize the importance of authenticity, creativity, and community engagement. The study concludes that TikTok offers significant opportunities for cultural and economic growth in Hunan, despite challenges such as cultural sensitivity and algorithmic competition. Recommendations are provided for stakeholders to optimize their digital marketing strategies on TikTok.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the education sector and its impact on pupil-teachers training to become educators is significant. AI-powered tools like ChatGPT provide numerous advantages, including quick access to information, assistance in lesson planning, and personalized teaching strategies. These technologies help pupil-teachers develop engaging learning materials, refine their communication skills, and receive instant feedback on their instructional methods. Additionally, AI streamlines administrative work, allowing educators to focus more on interactive teaching. Despite these benefits, AI also presents challenges. Excessive reliance on AI-generated content may hinder the development of independent thinking and creativity among pupil-teachers. They might become too dependent on automated lesson planning instead of crafting their own unique teaching approaches. Furthermore, AI lacks the human touch required to understand students' emotions, motivations, and individual learning needs, which are crucial for effective teaching. To maximize the benefits of AI while addressing its limitations, pupil-teachers should be trained in using these technologies responsibly. Teacher education programs must emphasize critical thinking, ethical AI use, and the importance of maintaining a balance between technology and human interaction in the classroom. In summary, AI and ChatGPT are transforming teacher training by offering valuable support and innovative solutions. However, careful integration of these tools is essential to ensure that future educators develop both technological proficiency and essential teaching skills. Proper guidance and a balanced approach will help pupil-teachers become more effective in the modern educational era.