Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 03; March 2025

Static conformally flat charged fluid spheres have much attracted the relatives in recent years. In 1968, De and Raychaudhuri (9) have shown that in relativistic unit a pressure-less charged dust distribution in equilibrium will have the absolute value of the charge to mass ratio as unity. Many workers have already studied the charged fluid distribution in equilibrium. The Einstein-Maxwell field equations in the presence of matter and charge from a highly non-liner system of equations and so a small number of exact solution have been obtained. It is believed that exact solutions of the field equations in general relativity for extended charged distribution will prove useful in the study of quantum field theory in a Reimannin manifold as question of self-energy becomes answerable. Sphere of charged dust have been investigated by Papapetrou (23). Bonner and Wickramasuriya (5) and Raychaudhuri (24). It is believed that exact solutions of the field equations in general relativity for extended charged distribution will prove useful in the study of quantum field theory in a Reimannin manifold as question of self-energy becomes answerable. Sphere of charged dust have been investigated by Papapetrou (23). Bonner and Wickramasuriya (5) and Raychaudhuri (24). It is known that the pressure less charged distribution in equilibrium will have the absolute value of the charge to mass ratio as unity in relativistic units (De and Raychaudhuri (9)). Firstly, the solution does not reduce to the interior Schwarzschild solutions when tensor charge density equals zero. This is not surprising as the vanishing of σ_0 does not mean the absence of charge but only implies that the total charge in the sphere is zero. Secondly the gravitational self-energy contribution to the total gravitational mass inversely as the radius of the sphere and not inversely as the square of radius. It can be Mentioned that if one attempts to generalize Kyle and Martin assumption of taking 〖 e〗^λ2 σ(r)∝r^m,m≥0. Q(r)∝r^(m+3), The solution of Wilson can always be overlooked. Hereσ(r) is the proper charge density within the sphere λ is metric potential and Q(r) represent the total charge contained within the sphere of radius r. Q(r) = 4 π∫_0^r▒x^2 e^λ2 σ(x)dx For a spherically symmetric charge distribution the unique exterior metric was obtained by Reissner (25) and Nordstorm (21).

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with increased metabolic demands and nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin D deficiency, which exacerbates complications such as musculoskeletal disorders and infections. This study aimed to assess vitamin D status, identify risk factors, and evaluate its relationship with clinical outcomes in children with SCD in a rural setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 children (6 months–18 years) with SCD (SS or S Beta thal pattern). Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results revealed 56.6% had deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and 43.4% had insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL). Deficiency was highest in adolescents (13–18 years, 46.7%), while insufficiency peaked in younger children (3–6 years, 19.6%). Age significantly influenced vitamin D levels (p = 0.0162), with no gender-based differences. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, particularly among adolescents, underscores the need for targeted interventions, including supplementation and lifestyle modifications, to address this nutritional gap and improve clinical outcomes in children with SCD. These findings highlight the importance of routine screening and tailored strategies to mitigate vitamin D deficiency in this vulnerable population

Breast feeding is a natural source of food for the baby’s those who are below two years of age. It is economically friendly, ready to use safely, develop immunity and also helps to develop bonding between the mother and child and also through breast feeding can be prevented malnourishment, infection, and also reduces infant mortality rate. According to WHO guidelines the first six months for the baby must be provide exclusive breast feeding it will benefit the infant for nutritional and immunological development therefore soon after the delivery we should encouraged the mother to feed the baby but still in our country there is a stigma that should not give the first breast milk to the baby so this will affect the immunity, growth and development of the infant.The objective of the study to assess the attitude and knowledge among the young people resides around the suttur village, Mysore. The methods was used a descriptive study designs was adopted and random sampling technique was used to select the sample to find the awareness of the breastfeeding and can remove this stigma and discrimination.Among120 samples 26.6% were male and 73.4% were female, their majority age around 20 to 24 years, 99.16% people were not agreed with Breast milk and bottled milk is the same, 85% were agreed with Breast milk provides all the nutrients to baby, 73% were disagreed breastfeeding woman cannot return to work, 99.16% were disagreed with Breast milk and bottled milk are the same. The result suggests that still stigma was present There are no significant difference in the attitude scores of with misconception and gaps. There is a need for multi educational programme improving the awareness and knowledge of breast feeding. This study helps to find the whether awareness of the breastfeed exclusively to age 6 months and intention to meet this recommendation of WHO breastfeeding practices

Introduction: Self-medication can be harmful to patients, as safety of drug,dosageand duration may not reflect the proper diagnosis. Drugs need special instruction in usage and storage, which is likely to be missed in self-medication practices. In the course of self-medication patients are likely to delay in seeking medical attention as they will go to hospital only when the condition had worsens. Objective: To assess the practices self-prescription of topical eye medication among new patient attending the adult eye clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital. Methodology: This was a hospital based cross sectional study which employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. New patients attending the adult eye clinic at MNH from July 2022 to January 2023 were recruited in the study. Systematic random sampling technique and purposive sampling was done; questionnaire and interviews were used to obtain information. Results: A total of 377patients were recruited for quantitative data collection, of whom52.8% were male and 47.2% were female. Twelve patients were recruited for focus group discussion. These were6males and 6 females. Two female health workers (one ophthalmologist and ophthalmic nurse) were recruited for in-depth interviews. The magnitude of self-prescription of topical eye(s) medications was 168(44.6%). The eye pain (60.1%), eye itching (42.9%) and red eyes (39.3%) were the common ocular symptoms led to self-prescription of topical eye medications. Long distant from the health facilities (60.7%), advice from a friend/relative (57.8%) and using previous remained prescription (26.8%) were reasons given by thestudy subjects as the factors which lead them to practice self-prescription. Majority of the patients obtained their medicines from pharmacy/shops (58.9%).Reported reasons for self-medication included saving costs, lack of awareness, long distances to health facilities and saving time was mentioned in qualitative study. Conclusion: Self-medication of topical eye medicines is a commonpractice among patients with ocular problems in the study participants. Pain was most common eye symptom related to self-prescription. Reasons for self-medication with topical eye medications were long distances to health facilities with eye services, costs, lack of awareness and long waiting time for services were the reasons mentioned for self-eye medications.

Religious education in the Philippines is generally Catholic by orientation. This is attributed to the three hundred years of how the early Spanish missionaries came to the Philippines and evangelized its people. In recent years, however, the educational demographic landscape in the Philippines has been changing resulting to what we call the phenomenon of multiculturalism where students of varied nationalities, cultures, religions, and belief systems share the same classroom and facilities. It is in this context that this study argues for the possibility of integrating an intercultural approach to Catholic religious education in the Philippines. To fulfill this objective, the study investigated the general situation and challenges of Catholic Religious education in the Philippines. It also discussed what is intercultural education from a Catholic perspective and proposed the inclusion of interreligious dialogue in the Catholic religious education curriculum with three integral components: 1. Religious literacy 2. Christian witnessing 3. Promotion of a Culture of Dialogue.