Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 11; November 2025

Life Sciences

Termite consumption and potential exposure to trace metals in dagbati, akoumape and kpeme, localities located in the phosphate mining area of Togo

Solim PALI, Boris Dodji KASSENEY, Eyabana MOLLONG, Panawé TOZOOU and Adolé Isabelle GLITHO

ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the consumption patterns of Macrotermes termites across three localities in TogoDagbati, Akoumapé, and Kpéméwithin the phosphate mining region, and examines the potential exposure to trace metals associated with this practice. Results reveal significant heterogeneity in entomophagy shaped by both geography and ethnicity. Consumption is nearly universal in Dagbati (100%) and Akoumapé (96.4%) but lower in Kpémé (65.7%). Paradoxically, termites are consumed more intensively in Kpémé (3.31 days/week; 52.68 g/week) than in the other sites, and a greater diversity of termite types is observed, including winged forms, queens, and mound termites, reflecting extensive ethnoecological knowledge and frequent mound exploitation (90.2%). In contrast, Dagbati and Akoumapé focus mainly on winged termites, collected primarily by light trapping. Motivations differ: taste drives consumption in Dagbati, while nutritional value is central in Akoumapé and Kpémé. Ethnicity significantly influences consumption patterns, revealing a north-south gradient : northern and central groups (Kabyè, Kotokoli, Moba) exhibit the highest frequency (4.00 days/week) and quantities (up to 70 g/week), whereas southern groups (Watchi, Ewe) consume less frequently and in smaller amounts (1.85 days/week; 23-25 g/week). Given the phosphate mining context, this study highlights the potential for trace metal exposure through termite consumption, suggesting that dietary practices and local environmental conditions jointly shape exposure risks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49759.11.2025
Tetrazole analogues: synthesis and antimicrobial activity

Nagaraj, A., Amala, G. and Raghuveer, S.

ABSTRACT:
A series of new N1-(5-aryl/heteroaryl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-1-yl)-2-(2-morpholinoanilino)- acetamide 6 (a-i), has been synthesized by the cyclo-condensation of N'1-[(E)-1-aryl/heteroarylmethyl- dene]-2-(2-morpholinoanilino)ethanohydrazide (5a-i) witharyl/heteroaryl aldehyde. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed via IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectral analyses. Further, all the newly synthesized compounds 6(a-i) have been assayed for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The compounds containing moieties like 4-nitrophenyl (6c), 2-pyridyl (6g), 2-furyl (6h) and 2-thienyl (6i) exhibited good inhibitory activity against the tested organisms.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49756.11.2025
Chemical derivatization techniques used to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of uv-visible spectrophotometric analysis.

Maity Surajit

ABSTRACT:
Chemical derivatization is a powerful analytical technique employed to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analysis, particularly for analytes that lack inherent chromophores or exhibit spectral overlap. By converting target molecules into more optically responsive derivatives with improved absorbance characteristics, derivatization enables precise qualitative and quantitative evaluation in complex sample matrices. Commonly utilized strategies include diazotization followed by azo coupling, condensation reactions forming Schiff bases, and charge-transfer complexation. In diazotization, primary aromatic amines react with nitrous acid to produce diazonium salts, which subsequently couple with phenolic or aromatic compounds to yield highly colored azo dyes that absorb strongly in the visible region. Condensation reactions, particularly those forming Schiff bases from primary amines and carbonyl compounds, increase molecular conjugation, resulting in derivatives with distinct UV-Vis absorbance. For instance, the detection of p-aminophenol (PAP) through a condensation reaction with ninhydrin in dimethylformamide (DMF), forming a chromogenic complex suitable for spectrophotometric quantification. These derivatization approaches are critically important in pharmaceutical quality control and trace-level analysis. Their effectiveness has been thoroughly validated through extensive scientific literature, showcasing their utility in expanding the applicability and performance of UV-Vis spectroscopy in diverse analytical contexts.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49755.11.2025
Nutritional analysis result of commercially available wood ear nushrooms after cooking and adjustment-food development for disaster and space food applications: part 2-

Akitaka Kojima and Naomi Katayama

ABSTRACT:
Vitamin D is not only required to be taken together with calcium to prevent osteoporosis, but is also an important nutrient because it regulates immune function, inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation, and suppresses inflammation. We would like to add vitamin D and calcium to new food (disaster relief food and space food) to prevent osteoporosis and frailty, but we need to consider the loss of these nutrients during cooking. Therefore, in the study, we decided to use wood ear mushrooms, which are said to have high vitamin D and calcium contents, and measure and compare the vitamin and calcium contents after cooking and crushing them. Analysis of calcium and vitamin content was commissioned to the Nagoya branch of the Japan Food Analysis Center. After boiling commercially available wood ear mushrooms for 2 hours, the vitamin D content was 6.3 µg/100g and the calcium content was 12.1 mg/100g. The vitamin D content of finely powdered commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 93.3 µg/100g and the calcium content was 165 mg/100g. The vitamin D content of coarsely powdered commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 106 µg/100g and the calcium content was 115 mg/100g. Since it has become clear that the vitamin D and calcium contents are lost after cooking, future product development must always include the results of post-cooking food analysis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49733.11.2025
Production du biogaz et la determination des parametres physicochimiques et biologiques à partir de boues de vidange de la commune urbaine de kissidougou

Yakouba TRAORE

ABSTRACT:
Cette recherche s'articule sur la production du biogaz et la détermination des paramètres physicochimiques et biologiques à partir de boues de vidange de la commune urbaine de Kissidougou, sur la caractérisation des boues initiales (avant la digestion) et les effluents de la digestion (après la digestion). Après une synthèse des principaux aspects des boues, nous avons procédé aux prélèvements des échantillons auquartier M’Ballia. L'analyse de ces échantillons et la production du méthane a été faite respectivementà l’Office National du Contrôle de Qualité de Matoto à Conaky et au laboratoire de Physique de l’ISSEG/Lambanyi. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont : Température de l'échantillon 26,1°C ; pH=7,6 ; Humidité= 97,15% ;Matières en Sèche(MS) 2,85mg/L;Matières Volatiles 52,03 mg/L;Demande Chimique de l'Oxygène (DCO) 13,89 mg/L; le rapport carbone Azote 24,00 ;la BDO 28,64 mg/L; Azote Ammoniacal (NH4) 1,24%; le carbone 29,76%; les cendres 47,97%et les Coliformes fécaux sont jugés envahissant. Le dispositif expérimental pour la production de biogaz à partir de ces boues au bout de 21 jours, nous avons obtenu0,00052 m3 de biogaz, soit 0,00312 m3 de méthane et la production énergétique correspond est 0,031808 KWh pour 1,5 litres de boues de vidange en total. Cependant, après la digestion, nous avons procédé à la détermination du NPK et nous avons obtenu 0,23% d’azote, 1,87% de Phosphore et 0,07% de potassium. Sur la basse de ce résultat, une estimation sur ce que pourrait être la production, à partir de la quantité de BV produite par jour à Kissidougou, nous pouvons produire 366 m3 de méthane soit 3638KWh en équivalence. Pour la codigestion(boues de vidange + bouse de vache), avec 1,5 litres en total, nous avons recueilli 0,0035 m3 de biogaz, soit 0,0021 m3 de méthane et la production énergétique correspondante est de 0,02087 KWh. En effet,cette étude montre une possibilité de production combinée de biogaz et de compost, qui s'inscrit dans un procédé de traitement, de gestion et de valorisation des boues de vidange.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49726.11.2025

Physical Sciences and Engineering

A comparative study on air quality index by machine learning algorithms

Damodharan, S., Geetha K. and Madhavi Latha, N.

ABSTRACT:
Our atmosphere is predominantly consists of two important gases that are important for livelihood, namely Oxygen and Nitrogen. Clean air is essential to stay healthy as well as to maintain a good environment. Air Quality is measured using a metric called Air Quality Index (AQI). It is a number that tells which pollutant is present in the air, its percentage and how it affects our health and Ecosystem. It keeps a tab on major Air Pollutants namely PM10,PM2.5,No2,So2,CO,O3,NH3,Lead. Besides these, Emission of Firecrackers also made an impact of it by releasing harmful chemicals and organic pollutants. In the present study, we had used machine learning models like Linear Regression,Support Vector Machine,Artificial Neural Networks, Decision Trees and Random Forest. The results showed that ANN outperformed other models with the metrics R2 (1),MAE (1), MAPE (0.7142),RMSE(1) for the city Gummidipoondi. This helps government to take preventive steps that worsens with all reasons related to weather conditions,vehicle emissions and local pollutants that create public health emergencies related to many respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49772.11.2025
Beyond the trader: memory, cultural mediation, and environmental transformation in the world of tippu tip

Mahamadou Samsoudine SADIO

ABSTRACT:
This article re-examines the life and legacy of Tippu Tip (1832–1905) through three interrelated but underexplored dimensions: memory, cultural mediation, and environmental history. Drawing on oral traditions from the Swahili coast and the Congo Basin alongside European records, the study interrogates how Tippu Tip has been remembered across different cultural landscapes. It argues that Tippu Tip functioned not only as a commercial actor but also as a cultural mediator, diffusing Swahili-Islamic practices, reshaping identities, and bridging African, Arab, and European spheres of influence. Furthermore, the article highlights the ecological transformations precipitated by his ivory trade and large caravan networks, revealing the environmental consequences of precolonial globalization. By combining historiography, cultural analysis, and environmental perspectives, the study reframes Tippu Tip as a complex figure whose legacy exceeds the simplistic colonial portrayals of slave trading.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49757.11.2025
Radius: area of a circle and diameter: circumference

Dilip Kumar Bhowmik

ABSTRACT:
The relation between radius and the area of a circle is said to be 22/7 times the radius square. Similarly the relation between diameter and the circumference is considered as 22/7 times the diameter of a circle but actually it is not. For practical purposes to determine the area and circumference of a circle we use this with some deviation and variances. Here in this essay I have shown the actual relation with proof mathematical obviously.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49719.11.2025
Rehabilitation of an illegal gold mining site after exploitation in koudougou, bouafle department (Cote d’Ivoire)

Koné Kinanpara, Yéo T. Martial, Coulibaly Y. Sarrah, Bié G. Réné and Bony K. Yves

ABSTRACT:
Illegal artisanal gold mining has been around for decades and is practiced by millions of people around the world. In Côte d'Ivoire, it is carried out by poor populations. Gold panning appears to be an effective means of combating poverty and unemployment in Koudougou. The overall objective of this work is to highlight a plan for restoring the site after exploitation by conducting a diagnosis and an assessment of the effects of mining activities with a view to proposing rehabilitation methods. The methodology is based on a field survey approach combining sampling and direct field observation. The results obtained indicate that illegal gold mining activity involves several actors including public administration executives. Although generating income, it negatively affects the health of populations and the bio-physical environments of the environment. There is a need to restore mining sites during or at the end of exploitation. As part of this study, the restoration is carried out at the end of exploitation by the Non-Governmental Organization "Agir pour l’Environnement des industries Extractives" (Acting for the Environment of Extractive Industries) which applied two types of rehabilitation including agriculture and the creation of fish ponds.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49700.11.2025

Health Sciences

Physical health promotion efforts for college students affecting their physical health, habits and awareness

Zhang Fengfeng

ABSTRACT:
As China advances the goals of the Healthy China 2030 Plan, concerns about the physical health of college students persist, with national reports showing only modest gains despite extensive monitoring efforts. This study quantitatively examined the physical health status and related behavioral factors of 291 students from Weifang Nursing Vocational College, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on lifestyle habits, exercise frequency, attitudes toward physical fitness testing, and awareness of health policies. Statistical analysis of the responses confirmed noticeable gaps in students’ fitness levels and highlighted patterns that point to limited engagement with existing health promotion measures. Drawing from these results, the study proposes an integrated physical health promotion model that positions the university, the campus hospital, and the students as interconnected partners in improving wellness. The model emphasizes data-driven strategies in health education, curriculum design, physical activity provision, and exercise-prescription interventions, offering a practical framework for strengthening health outcomes in higher education settings.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49785.11.2025
Effets des extraits de neem (azadirachta indica) sur sitophilus zeamais lors de la conservation du maïs dans la commune urbaine de faranah, Guinee

Vamougnè Kourouma, Rouguitou Sangbaramou, Mamadi Mariame Camara et Kalil Limbana Diakité

ABSTRACT:
La conservation du maïs demeure un enjeu majeur en Guinée, où les pertes post récolte dues à Sitophiluszeamais peuvent dépasser 40 %, compromettant la sécurité alimentaire et la qualité des semences. Les insecticides de synthèse, bien qu’efficaces, posent des risques sanitaires et environnementaux, d’où l’intérêt croissant pour les biopesticides d’origine végétale comme le neem (Azadirachta indica). Cette étude conduite à Faranah avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’extraits de différentes parties du neem a été évaluée dans la protection des grains de maïs. Cinq traitements ont été comparés : un témoin positif (Sarsa-super, T0), les poudres de graines (T1), péricarpe des fruits (T2), feuilles (T3) et écorces (T4), appliquées sur 4 kg de maïs infesté artificiellement par 20 adultes de Sitophilus zeamais. Les observations ont porté sur la pureté, le taux d’infestation, la perte de poids, la mortalité des insectes et le pouvoir germinatif des graines. Les résultats montrent que les extraits de graines (T1) et de péricarpes (T2) ont significativement réduit les infestations (39 %) et les pertes de poids (0,1 %), tout en maintenant une pureté élevée (87 %) et un pouvoir germinatif comparable au témoin (89 %). Les extraits d’écorces (T4) ont été moins performants, probablement en raison d’une faible teneur en métabolites bioactifs. En conclusion, les extraits de neem, notamment ceux issus des grains (T1 et T2), représentent une alternative écologique, économique et durable aux insecticides chimiques pour la gestion post récolte du maïs, contribuant à la réduction des pertes et à la préservation de la qualité semencière.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49774.11.2025
An unusual case of pyrexia of unknown origin diagnosed as adult-onset still’s disease: A case report

Dr. Sahithi Sura, Dr. Bhargavi, P., Dr. Ravinder Reddy, K. and Dr. Alekhya, K.

ABSTRACT:
Still’s disease, including systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD), is a rare systemic autoinflammatory disorder. It presents with quotidian fever, evanescent salmon-pink rash, arthritis/arthralgia, and systemic manifestations. Case Presentation: We report a 34-year-old woman who presented with prolonged fever, generalised lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Workup revealed striking hyperferritinemia and elevated cytokines. Bone marrow biopsy showed features suggestive of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Diagnosis was established based on Yamaguchi criteria. The patient responded initially to corticosteroids and was later transitioned to biologic therapy. She achieved sustained remission on upadacitinib mono therapy. Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in AOSD presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) and the role of targeted immune modulator therapy in refractory disease.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49771.11.2025
The clinical observation of inflammation theory for schizophrenia: a 12 week interventional study

Sumeesha Jaswal, Ajeet Sidana, Shivangi Mehta, Seema Gupta and Gurjit Kaur

ABSTRACT:
Background: Recent research highlights the neuroinflammatory basis of Schizophrenia with an intrigue into biomarkers for schizophrenia. The involvement of immunological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients with a blunted type 1 (i.e., IL-2, gamma interferon, IL-12 and TNF-β) and an increased type 2 cytokine pattern (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) has been seen. Aim: To assess the baseline immunological parameters in drug naïve patients of schizophrenia, compare the levels of interleukins-2,6 and 8 in patients on clozapine and risperidone at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and study their correlation with clinical response. Material and methods: It was a prospective, randomized, and comparative study. Patients with ICD 11 diagnosis of Schizophrenia were randomized to receive either clozapine or risperidone after baseline assessment of socio- demographic and clinical parameters, baseline blood investigations, immunoglobulins and estimation of interleukin (IL-2, 6 and 8) levels. Levels of interleukins were reassessed at 6 weeks and 12 weeks along with application of PANSS and Glasgow antipsychotic side effect check list. Results: 54 of 65 patients completed the study; 30 patients in clozapine group and 24 in risperidone group. A significant rise was seen in IL-2 levels over 12 weeks. There was decrease in IL-6 levels which correlated with the decrease in positive symptoms at week 12. IL-8 had a negative correlation with the general psychopathology score at week 6 which continued till week 12. Risperidone did not have a significant alteration in the interleukin levels over the 12 weeks. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the elevated cytokine levels (IL-6) at baseline in both clozapine and risperidone groups validate the inflammatory basis of schizophrenia and may be used as the state marker for schizophrenia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49746.11.2025
Renal and prostatic abscesses: rare complications of scrub typhus

Dr. Mahesh Dave, Dr. Kartavya Nandwana, Dr. Deven kashyap, Dr. Manoj Patidar and Dr. Shrishti Gupta

ABSTRACT:
Background: Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a zoonotic infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, a gram-negative intracellular bacterium transmitted by the larval stage of trombiculid mites (chiggers). It is endemic in the “tsutsugamushi triangle,” including parts of Southeast Asia and India. The disease usually presents with fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. However, atypical manifestations involving the renal or prostatic systems are rare, and intra-abdominal abscess formation is an uncommon complication. Case Presentation: A 57-year-old male from Udaipur, Rajasthan, presented with high-grade fever for five days, headache, and diffuse abdominal pain for three days. Clinical examination revealed pallor and mild abdominal tenderness without rash or eschar. Laboratory findings showed anemia (Hb 9 g/dl), thrombocytopenia (52,000/µl), and mildly elevated urea (55.6 mg/dl). Scrub typhus IgM ELISA was positive, while dengue and malaria tests were negative. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a renal abscess (42×29 mm) in the left kidney and multiple prostatic abscesses. Blood and urine cultures were sterile. The patient was treated with intravenous doxycycline (100 mg BD) and azithromycin (500 mg OD) for 10 days, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms and normalization of laboratory parameters. Discussion: Scrub typhus can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although hepatic and renal dysfunction are common, abscess formation in the kidneys or prostate is exceedingly rare. Abscesses may develop due to localized necrosis or secondary bacterial infection. Early imaging and appropriate antibiotic therapy are crucial for diagnosis and management. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of considering scrub typhus in patients with unexplained febrile illness and intra-abdominal abscesses in endemic regions. Prompt recognition and doxycycline-based therapy can prevent severe complications and improve patient outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49743.11.2025
Nutritional analysis results of commercially available and cultivated cloud ear Mushrooms - food development for disaster and space food applications: first report

Akitaka Kojima and Naomi Katayama

ABSTRACT:
The 2025 edition of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has raised the recommended vitamin D intake from 5.5 micrograms to 9.0 micrograms. The reason for this is that more and more people are taking measured to protect themselves from the sun on a daily basis, and also to prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a new food product (disaster food or space food) using wood ear mushrooms, which are known to be high in vitamin D. First, we began by analyzing how much vitamin D and calcium wood ear mushrooms contain, and we report on this. We requested the Japan Food Research Laboratories, Nagoya branch. To measure the vitamin D and calcium contents of commercially available Chinese wood ear mushrooms and wood ear mushrooms cultivated using commercially available Japanese mushroom beds. As a result, the vitamin D content of commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 83.5 µg/100g, and the calcium content was 108mg/100g. The vitamin D content of cultivated wood ear mushrooms was below the detection limit (0.7 µg/100g or less), and the calcium content was 49.5mg/100g. Vitamin D is not only required to be taken together with calcium to prevent osteoporosis, but is also an important nutrient because it regulates immune function, inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation, and suppresses inflammation. However, this analysis has revealed that the foods we eat, thinking we are getting vitamin D, may actually contain no vitamin D or only trace amounts. In the development of future disaster and space food, it is necessary to clarify the nutritional analysis values of the wood ear mushrooms to be used before processing them into food.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49732.11.2025
Knowledge and factors influencing drug revolving fund scheme among clients attending selected hospitals ijebu ode, Ogun State Nigeria

Oluwakemi Iyabo Adeniji, Adetunji Oladeni Adeniji and Anuoluwapo Oluwapelumi

ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Drug Revolving Fund (DRF) is a scheme whereby drugs and medical consumables are sold at an affordable cost (addition of the cost price plus a mark-up) to generate revenue which is used to replenish stocks, The implementation of the DRF scheme ata maximum capacity, promotes accessibility, availability, affordability, and sustainability of quality drugs and medical consumables. However, there has been reports on knowledge and certain factors towards the effectiveness of the DRF scheme. This study was therefore conducted to determine knowledge and factors influencing drug revolving fund scheme among clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methodology: Cross sectional descriptive research design was used for the study. The study population were clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode. A formula was used to calculate the sample size, arriving at 132 respondents. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Experts validated, structured questionnaires, with each divided into five sections were used to collect data. Analysis of the generated data was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed a mean age of 37±1. Findings shows that clients attending selected hospitals at Ijebu-Ode Ogun State have good knowledge 79(59.8%) of the DRF scheme. However, it was discovered that some factors inhibit the utilization of DRF scheme among patients as most of them113 (85.6%) affirmed that there is ineffective system of drug administration and control. Conclusion and Recommendation: Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that despite good knowledge of the DRF scheme, some factors militate against effectiveness of the scheme among patients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study recommended that, the Government should subsidize essential drugs to improve patients’ access and prevent over charge in drug prices and that health workers should ensure regular and adequate procurement of essential drugs in the health facility.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48467.11.2025

Social Sciences and Humanities

A comparative study of the poetry of john milton and mirza ghalib

Rahila

ABSTRACT:
This paper explores a comparative study of John Milton and Mirza Ghalib, two poetic giants who, despite belonging to distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, share a common spirit of rebellion and introspection. Through a close reading of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Deewan-e-Ghalib, this study investigates how both poets question divine authority, confront moral contradictions, and reinterpret religious dogma in light of human experience. While Milton’s Puritan worldview seeks to justify divine justice through reason and scripture, Ghalib’s Urdu poetry expresses an existential skepticism toward the same cosmic order. The analysis reveals how both poets transform theological discourse into a humanistic quest for freedom, positioning poetry as a dialogue between the finite and the infinite. The topic Comparative Literature in itself offers a broader range of research to a student who is willing to dig deep the intertextuality of literature. The comparisons more often lead to a new dimension of thought, explore hidden meaning and most importantly flourish the life in a text. As in the words of Julia Kristeva, “Any text is the absorption and transformation of another.” So, we can say literature is a process of dialogues and counter dialogue or a continuous reply of reply to the text. The stalwart of English literature of the Puritan age, John Milton (1608-1674), famously known for his masterpiece, ‘Paradise Lost’ and the Urdu literature poet Mirza Ghalib (1794-1869), both share the same kind of magnitude. When we study both the poets the grandeur, the diction, the style, the tone these poets have some magnificent impact on readers. In spite of having linguistic differences, cultural differences, religious differences their ideas are equivocally radical, phenomenal. It is not just an overnight conclusion but over the passing decades people looked upon their works and found it still majestic and stately. In the age of globalization when we study these writers closely we realize that humanity has just one race and that is humanity itself. We cannot make an analogy between the writers that how they appear same but on some context they almost react the same towards the society. In the case of John Milton when Europe was loaded with Puritan thoughts he dare to project the religious mythology in his own way, though we cannot fully understand the intention of the writer what he means by his text, the collective response was to him was a little different as William Blake argued that “he was of the Devil’s Party without knowing it. The radical views of John Milton is very much similar to Mirza Ghalib. Milton and Ghalib both belong to the same school of thought who ponder over the development of mankind. They both carry the responsibility of more a moral teacher. We can perceive the same pinch in Ghalib’s poetry, as he says, Humko Maloom hai Jannat ki Haqeeqat lekin Dil ke Khush Rakhne ko Ghalib yeh Khayal Achha hai… How Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib satirizes over the concept of heaven and even indirectly makes fun of it. The spirit of questioning over the Lordly sayings is as bitter as we find in Milton’s.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49737.11.2025
Évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux dans la zone de depression d'amadahome agnigbaheme

Nombamba OUEDA, Mondombalouki TCHALLA, Ibrahim TCHAKALA and Moctar Limam BAWA

ABSTRACT:
Les zones de dépression constituent des réservoirs d’eaux usées et également des dépotoirs de déchets de différentes natures ; sont alors de potentielles sources de pollution des eaux souterraines. L’objectif de notre étude est d’évaluer le risque sanitaire de la zone de dépression d’Amadahomé. Ainsi, une enquête est réalisée pour recueillir les vécus de la population sur les pratiques sanitaires et d’assainissement. Des analyses bactériologiques et physico-chimiques ont été effectuées selon les normes de l’Association Française de Normalisation sur des échantillons d’eau de forages. Les résultats ont montré que 90% des répondants utilisaient l’eau de forage pour la consommation, 76% déclaraient ne pas être satisfaits de la qualité de ces eaux et seulement 10% des ménages faisaient recours au traitement des eaux. Une proportion importante de ménages allant à 68% témoignaient avoir vécu les inondations, confirmant donc la vulnérabilité de la zone. Quant aux résultats des analyses bactériologiques, il ressort que la flore aérobie mésophile est présente dans tous les échantillons avec une forte présence dans l’échantillon EF1 à hauteur de 12000 UFC/mL. Les paramètres physico-chimiques révèlent que la majorité des eaux analysées ont un caractère acide surtout l’eau du forage EF6. La conductivité est remarquable dans deux forages notamment EF4 et EF6 avec des valeurs respectives de 1398 et 983 µS/cm, traduisant ainsi une forte charge minérale. La présence des ions nitrates est considérable dans EF4 et EF6 à de concentrations égales à 152 et 99,77 mg/L respectivement ; elle peut être source d’une pollution organique.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49712.11.2025
Impact of work stress on the job performance of employees in public and private sector banks

Inam Khan

ABSTRACT:
Work Stress is a challenge for banking industry as it can negatively affect job performance of employees. Work Stress may impair their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and handle complex tasks employees experience high levels of stress. This can lead to a decline in their productivity and job performance. When employees feel burned out, they may be more likely to take sick leave or seek employment elsewhere, impacting the continuity and stability of the workforce. High levels of work stress can contribute to increased absenteeism and higher turnover rates among employees. Banks rely heavily on providing quality customer service. The results of correlations and regression analysis revealed that there is negative correlations between work stress and job performance of the employees. Work stress is higher in private banks than in government banks. There was negative impact of work stress on job performance. If employees are stressed, they may become less patient, less empathetic, and less willing to go the extra mile to assist customers. This can have a negative impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to minimise the impact of work stress on the job performance of employees through proper training and development and maintaing the conducive working environment in public and private sector banks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49676.11.2025
Factors influencing the performance of remote workers in the banking industry of Somalia

Mohamed Abdulkadir Roble

ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational support, work environment, and remote worker performance within Somalia's banking sector. Using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework, the research explores the direct effects of these constructs on the performance of Remote Workers. Data were collected from 355 respondents and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal significant positive relationships between transformational leadership and organizational support and the work environment, emphasizing the role of leadership in fostering supportive organizational climates. Furthermore, organizational support and the work environment significantly enhanced remote worker performance, highlighting their importance as critical job resources. By expanding the JD-R framework, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of leadership and organizational dynamics in remote work settings. It offers practical recommendations for optimizing remote worker performance in developing economies. These findings hold important implications for organizations seeking to adapt to the challenges of digital transformation and remote work in similarly resource-constrained contexts.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48511.11.2025