Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 08; August 2025

Life Sciences

Chemical pesticides use pattern of pointed gourd growers in nadia district of West Bengal

Swarna Sekhar Kumar, Hiralal Jana and Debabrata Basu

ABSTRACT:
Farmers who are cultivating vegetables, they are using maximum numbers and amount of pesticides compared to cereal crops per unit area. Plant protection is an exercise basically followed in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. For proper application of pesticides –there are specific recommendations. Due to lack of awareness of farmers regarding those recommendations, they are using pesticides deviating its proper processes and considerations. As a result, they are facing health related problems. Keeping all these in view the present study was designed with objective to know chemical pesticides use pattern of pointed gourd growers in nadia district of west bengal. The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study and Chakdah community development block of Kalyani sub division was randomly selected for the study. Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats of Chakdah community development block. Three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur was selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field. Here we had considered only the pointed gourd growers (N=69) chemical pesticides use pattern. Majority of the pointed gourd growers (79.03%) cultivated the the crop pointed gourd in kharif season. Majority of respondents (59.68%) applied chemical pesticides at interval of 4-7 days usually. At the most 87.10 percent of respondents applied 30-40 litres of water per bigha for spraying chemical pesticides at the seedling stage of pointed gourd crop. Similarly majority of the pointed gourd growers (93.55%) at mature stage of the crop applied 100-120 litres of water per bigha for spraying chemical pesticides. Most damaging insect-pests of pointed gourd crop in the study area were-(1) red pumpkin beetle (2) two spotted red spider mite (3) leaf roller (4) fruit fly & (5) epilachna beetle. Most harmful insect-pest was leaf roller and it was reported by 96.77 percent of respondents. The major diseases of pointed gourd cultivation were—(1) fruit and vine rot (2) downy mildew and (3) root rot. Majority of respondents (85.48%) reported that fruit and vine rot was the most problematic disease. Most of the insect-pests and diseases attacked the crop mainly at mature stage. Various Chemical pesticides,with various doses used to control insect –pests and diseases of pointed gourd crop. To avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides, regulations regarding the use or pesticides and proper verification of the procedure should be carried out. Creation of awareness on the basis of family based training, sensitization through value and ethics based capacity building and utilization of religious and community leaders in this regard may be useful to overcome the issue. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective and steps should be taken to change the perception of the pointed gourd growers regarding the use of chemical pesticides.

https://journalcra.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/49394.pdf
Bacteriological profile of pus infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern – a population study of east godavari district, coastal Andhra Pradesh

Prakash D.S.R.S., and Preethi Chandrakala, B.

ABSTRACT:
Pus infections are one of the most common Nosocomial infections accounting for 38% of all infections in post surgical patients. Its antibiotic susceptibility pattern under sterile aseptic precautions, pus exudate was collected using 2 sterile cotton swabs for aerobic culture. It was inoculated onto blood and MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar media. The samples were processed as follows, direct microscopic examination of gram stained smear, preliminary identification by colony morphology, biochemical test for characterisation of species and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Out of 75 cases, 44 were male patients and 31 female patients with infection rate more in males. Culture positive were 52 and culture negative were 23. In the culture positive, all are aerobic . Among the aerobic isolate Staphylococcus, was the most common gram positive organism isolated and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common gram negative organism isolated. Intervention aimed at reducing pus infection would provide cost savings and improve the efficiency of health care system.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49410.08.2025
Oropouche Fever

Manjula, K.V., Renuka Devi, D.N. and Ranjitha, S.

ABSTRACT:
Oropouche fever is one among the viral fever; this virus belongs to the Simbusero group of the viral genus Orthobunya virus. This fever symptom is similar to dengue illness like fever, headache, and muscle pain. There's no specific treatment or vaccine, but most of the people recover within a week. Around in a year of before 2000, Outbreaks of Oropouche virus in Brazil, Panama, and Peruand also animals get infected in Trinidad and Colombia during this time. One child was found infected in Haiti in 2014. In the last 25 years, Oropouche fever cases have been identified in many countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, and PeruIn late 2023,On 27 May 2024, the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba reported the first ever outbreak of Oropouche virus disease. Oropouche fever typically spreads in Central and South America, especially in countries around the Amazon. Oropouche virus was identified as causing large outbreaks in endemic areas and new areas in South America.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49399.08.2025
Analytical and numerical study of electrical discharges caused by the presence of cumulonimbus clouds observed in the chadian atmosphere

Foulla Dieudonné Platou, Abdallah Brahim Elhadj Ali, Fia Oung-Zetna, Fanrigue Dieudonné Harah and Mahamat Barka

ABSTRACT:
The study of electrical phenomena in the atmosphere is very interesting because it allows us to predict the dangers caused by lightning currents, which result from an electrical discharge from an existing cumulonimbus cloud. Simulation of the electrostatic properties of a possible discharge from the cumulonimbus cloud, observed in N'Djamena, shows that lightning can occur with an electric field able to ionize molecules in the surrounding environment, and a very intense electrostatic potential, similar to high-voltage electrical discharges.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49352.08.2025
Correlation of sars-cov-2 igg antibody titres and vaccine schedule in healthcare workers

Dr. Sathvik C O, Dr. Jyoti S Kabbin, Dr. Sandhya K, Dr. Ramya Jayasimha and Dr. Aishwarya M S

ABSTRACT:
Background: Antibody titres following COVID-19 vaccination are known to decline over time. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 IgG titres and the vaccination schedule among healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: This cross sectional study included HCWs who had received either Covishield or Covaxin. SARS-CoV-2 IgG titres were measured using enzyme linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA). Results: A total of 182 HCWs were enrolled [mean age: 33.38 ± 7.13 years; 131 (72.0%) female]. Of these, 115 received Covishield and 67 received Covaxin. The mean IgG titre was 1.2814 ± 0.736. A significant negative correlation was observed between IgG titres and the number of days since the second vaccine dose (r = –0.724, p< 0.001). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 IgG titres decline with increasing time since the second

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49377.08.2025
Chemical pesticides use pattern of brinjal growers in Nadia district of West Bengal

Swarna Sekhar Kumar, Hiralal Jana and Debabrata Basu

ABSTRACT:
The rapid increase in consumption of pesticide to improve the production and productivity to feed the growing population, leads us to a number of issues which needs attention in recent times. Pesticides should be used judiciously in view of its high social cost as environmental pollution associated with its consumption, production and distribution. Though environmental considerations would warrant the considerations of use of proper pesticides at proper time and time interval in proper doses, the farmers are concerned with private profitability which is not eco friendly and detrimental to the human race. Agriculture is of outmost importance for the vast number of people of this country as it is the largest component of India’s economic life. Since crop production is being influenced by a large number of factors, it is often impossible to measure all possible factors in every crop management unit. But some of these factors need attention in recent times for betterment of our environment. Agriculture being the backbone of Indian economy has a crucial role to play in the country’s economic development. India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs and as a predominant rural economy it shares 50 percent of its work force in agriculture and contribution of agriculture in Indian economy is 18 percent. Farmers who are cultivating vegetables, they are using maximum numbers and amount of pesticides compared to cereal crops per unit area. Plant protection is an exercise basically followed in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. For proper application of pesticides –there are specific recommendations. Due to lack of awareness of farmers regarding those recommendations, they are using pesticides deviating its proper processes and considerations. As a result, they are facing health related problems. Keeping all these in view the present study was designed with objective to know the chemical pesticides use pattern of brinjal growers in nadia district of West Bengal. The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study. Under Kalyani sub-division of this district, Chakdah community development block was selected randomly for the study. Under this block, Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats. Under Rautari gram panchayat, three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur were selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field . In this way total 204 respondents were selected. For the present study, we will consider only 73 brinjal growers. From the present study it was clear that brinjal crop is a round the year crop. Majority of the respondents (56.16%) applied pesticide 4-7 days interval. Brinjal growers usual utilization of amount of water for spraying pesticides at seedling stage of brinjal crop was 20-30 litres per bigha and it was reported by 83.56 percent of respondents. Similarly at mature stage of brinjal crop, majority of brinjal growers (87.67%) used 100-140 litres of water per bigha for spraying pesticides. The four major insect-pests of brinjal crop were (1) Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (2) white fly (3) mite and (4) aphid. Out of it, Brinjal shoot and fruit borer was most harmful insect-pest and cent percent of respondents (100%) reported it. Major diseases of brinjal crop were –(1) fruit rot (2) phomopsis blight (3) brinjal anthracnose (4) leaf spot and (5) damping off. Out of it, fruit rot was the most damaging disease of brinjal crop and it was reported by 61.64 percent of brinjal growers. Insect-pests and diseases both mainly attacked the brinjal crop at mature stage. For controlling the insect-pests and diseases of Brinjal crop, brinjal growers used many chemicals with their doses. To avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides, regulations regarding the use or pesticides and proper verification of the procedure should be carried out. Creation of awareness on the basis of family based training, sensitization through value and ethics based capacity building and utilization of religious and community leaders in this regard may be useful to overcome the issue. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective and steps should be taken to change the perception of the brinjal growers regarding the use of the safety measures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49371.08.2025
Identification of chemical pesticides buying behaviour of vegetable growers in Nadia district of West Bengal

Swarna Sekhar Kumar, Hiralal Jana and Debabrata Basu

ABSTRACT:
Agriculture being the backbone of Indian economy has a crucial role to play in the country’s economic development. India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs and as a predominant rural economy it shares 50 percent of its work force in agriculture and contribution of agriculture in Indian economy is 18 percent. (India economic survey 2018). Agriculture is of outmost importance for the vast number of people of this country as it is the largest component of India’s economic life. Since crop production is being influenced by a large number of factors it is often impossible to measure all possible factors in every crop management unit. But some of these factors need attention in recent times for betterment of our environment. The rapid increase in consumption of pesticide to improve the production and productivity to feed the growing population, leads us to a number of issues which needs attention in recent times. Pesticides should be used judiciously in view of its high social cost as environmental pollution associated with its consumption, production and distribution. Though environmental considerations would warrant the considerations of use of proper pesticides at proper time and time interval in proper doses, the farmers are concerned with private profitability which is not eco friendly and detrimental to the human race. Vegetables are very common diet of the inhabitants of West Bengal. As a result of this, the quality of vegetables we eat is a big factor regarding our health issues. So, we need to understand the pesticide use pattern followed by the vegetable growers. The use pattern will reflect the knowledge of the vegetable growers regarding the spraying mechanism, proper doses, time of spraying and time interval needed to be followed while spraying pesticides, awareness regarding type of damage; identification of pest and proper plant protection measures. Keeping all these in view the present study is designed to identify the buying behavior profile of different groups of vegetable growers in controlling insect, pest and diseases in Nadia district of West Bengal. The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study and Chakdahcommunity development block of Kalyani sub division was randomly selected for the study. Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats of Chakdah community development block. Three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur was selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field. Buying behavioural profile reveals the description of the behaviour in terms of preferences of the behaviour in terms of preferences of the farmers with relation to various aspects of pesticides purchasing like brand selection, shopping behaviour, product dealer company characteristics, cost consciousness, credit orientation, packaging, consultancy etc. In the study, the buying behavioural profile of chemical pesticides of the different segments of vegetable growers i.e. brinjal growers (Bg), pointed gourd growers (Pg) and cauliflower growers (Cg) was observed in relation to the above mentioned aspects. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective and steps should be taken to change the perception of the vegetable growers considering their chemical pesticides buying behaviours.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49350.08.2025
Trends and comparative analysis of respiratory infections in Albania: From January 2023 to February 2025

Migena Nezha and Prof.Dr. Anila Mitre

ABSTRACT:
Background: Respiratory infections worldwide are a continuing public health challenge, particularly in post-pandemic periods. Understanding ongoing viral dynamics is essential for designing future prevention strategies. Objective: To evaluate and compare the incidence, demographic distribution, and seasonal patterns of respiratory infections in Albania from January 2023 through February 2025. Methods: An observational study, analysing confirmed laboratory data from the private laboratory Intermedica. Data were stratified by pathogen type, age, gender, and period. Results: In numbers, SARS CoV-2 was the most identified virus in our group of study from Jan. 2023 to Jan 2024 (19.4%), followed by Influenza A and B, with 7% and 3%, respectively; with age group dominated by adults. In contrast, after Jan 2024 to Feb 2025, there was observed an increase of Influenza A and B to 20% and 8%. Additionally, hMPV, Adenovirus and RSV were identified, while confirmed positive SARS CoV-2 numbers were decreased to 3%. Conclusions: Natural immunization, vaccination and global health policies decreased numbers of positive cases for COVID19 which was observed in this two-year study.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49313.08.2025
Impact of environmental pollution on agricultural productivity and soil health

Imrose Shahewar

ABSTRACT:
Environmental pollution has become a critical concern in the 21st century, especially in developing countries like India where agricultural activities are a primary source of livelihood. This review examines the effects of air, water, and soil pollution on crop productivity and soil health. Emphasis is placed on Indian case studies to highlight localized consequences of pollution on agriculture. The article also discusses mitigation strategies and policy interventions necessary to preserve agricultural sustainability.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49311.08.2025
Caracterisation de la production traditionnelle de la viande boucanee de dromadaire au Niger

SOULEY OUSMANE Achirou, OUMAROU DIADIE Halima, ISSOUFOU Amadou, ABDOU SOULEY Roukaya, NAROUA KOURE Mamane Kabirou et BALLA Abdourahamane

ABSTRACT:
La viande boucanée, jadis considérée comme une des réserves alimentaires des nomades, demeure peu développée au Niger. Ainsi, l’objectif général de cette étude est de réaliser un état des lieux sur la production traditionnelle de la viande boucanée de dromadaire au Niger. Pour ce faire, un suivi des procédés d’élaboration de la viande boucanée a été réalisé auprès des producteurs communautaires identifiés par la méthode boule de neige. Aussi, un questionnaire a été adressé à ces producteurs suivis d’une participation active tout au long de la production. Ainsi, il ressort de cette étude que l’activité de transformation de la viande boucanée est essentiellement réservée aux hommes d’ethnie Haoussa (100%). Aussi, un lien fort significatif a été observé entre la pratique de l’activité et l’appartenance ethnique. Les données de suivi ont permis d’identifier deux (2) types de diagrammes de production communautaire de la viande boucanée. Aussi, en plus des différences constatées dans les opérations de découpe et du fumage, la description de ces diagrammes a relevé l’utilisation des outils purement traditionnels lors de la production de ce produit. Ainsi, la vulgarisation des diagrammes de production de la viande boucanée de dromadaire permet de valoriser la viande cameline à travers la conservation et la diversification de ses produits au Niger.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48535.08.2025

Physical Sciences and Engineering

Spray pyrolytic layer modification of glass reinforced polymer substrate using graphene and graphite blend

Kenechi Ijeoma OJEMENI, Johnson Olumuyiwa AGUNSOYE and Henry E MGBEMERE

ABSTRACT:
Conveyance of crude oil is usually done using carbon steel pipes due to their high strength and electrical conductivity. However, carbon steel is prone to severe corrosion both internally and externally. Hence, it becomes necessary to develop suitable, lightweight, cost-effective, and electrically conductive materials that can serve as alternatives to carbon steel pipeline sections in the oil and gas industry. This study investigates the adaptability of nanoparticle-sized graphene and graphite-coated GRP (Glass Reinforced Polymers) as substitutes for steel in corrosion control and pipeline rehabilitation. The coating process employed low-temperature spray pyrolysis (50–60 °C) to deposit nanoparticle graphene and carbonized graphite on GRP substrates of 50 × 10 × 2 mm dimensions. Single- and double-layer coatings were applied using graphene-graphite blend ratios of 1:0.5 and 1:1. Electrical resistance was measured using an LCR meter, from which electrical conductivity was calculated. The samples were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and thermal analysis (TGA), while hardness was evaluated using the Rockwell method (HLD). Results showed that the GRP sample with a double-layer 1:1 graphene: graphite blend had the highest hardness (59.33 HLD), while the GRP with single-layer graphene coating recorded the highest electrical conductivity of 1.8×10⁻⁶ S/m. TGA revealed improved thermal stability in GRP samples, with glass transition temperatures (Tg) near 400 °C. Image J analysis of SEM images showed that moderate grain sizes (2–4 μm²) correlated strongly with improved wear resistance and conductivity. Wear tests confirmed that the 1-0.5D hybrid sample had the lowest wear rate and volume loss, while performance indexing ranked G-S (Graphene Single Layer) as the best all-around GRP performer. Tensile testing demonstrated significant improvements in strength, stiffness, and ductility, with tensile stresses above 23 MPa in coated GRP samples. A mathematical model was also developed to predict electrical conductivity as a function of coating thickness. Additionally, CP modelling demonstrated that introducing a non-conductive GRP section in an ICCP-protected pipeline causes localized under protection, which can be mitigated using optimized bypass wire design. In conclusion, this study establishes that graphene and graphite coatings, applied via spray pyrolysis, enhance the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of GRP. Among these, GRP composites coated with graphene—especially G-S and 1-0.5D—offer a promising, multifunctional alternative for steel in pipeline repair, leak mitigation, and corrosion control applications in the oil and gas industry.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49315.08.2025
Environmental characterization of the bandama river estuary in azagny national park (Ivory Coast, West Africa)

Koné Touplé Sibiri, Kouyaté Kassoum, Soro Tieligounon Ali, Kamelan Tanoh Marius, Etilé Raphaël N’doua and Kouamélan Essétchi Paul

ABSTRACT:
The hydrosystems of the Bandama River estuary are influenced by domestic, agricultural, mining, and fishing activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the physicochemical environment of the waters of the Bandama River estuary located in Azagny National Park. Physicochemical parameters were measured monthly, from March 2019 to February 2020, using multiparameter and miniphotometer measurements. Statistical analysis of the collected physicochemical data indicates both spatial and seasonal variation. The hydrosystems of the Bandama River estuary have an ideal temperature (28.29± 0,081°C) and good oxygenation (6.3± 0,59 mg/L). This hydrosystem, salty (9.53± 4,3 ‰), has high conductivity values (201.94 ± 91,81µS/cm). Magnesium and manganese concentrations are higher upstream in the Bandama River estuary. However, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, ammonium and ammonia are highly concentrated downstream during the short rainy season and the long dry season.Chemicals used in human activities around Azagny National Park contribute to significantly altering the physicochemical parameters of the Bandama River estuary hydrosystem. These conditions would pose an ecological risk to the survival of certain living beings in this aquatic ecosystem.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49307.08.2025

Health Sciences

Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease at a tertiary care hospital

Mr. Nandakishore, R., Ms. Sandhiya, T., Mr. Sahasyaa Adalarasan, Dr. Yogesh, S. and Dr. Hariharan, C.

ABSTRACT:
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant global health challenge, with diabetes mellitus and hypertension emerging as prevalent comorbidities contributing to its progression and complications. Understanding the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among CKD patients is crucial for informing effective management strategies and improving patient outcomes. Methods: A convenience sampling study was conducted on 218 CKD patients, focusing on their clinical characteristics and co-morbidities. The diagnosis of CKD is made by laboratory testing, most often by estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from a filtration marker, such as serum creatinine, using various formulas. Results: The majority of patients were male, comprising 129 (59.2%) of the total. The most prevalent age was around 40 years. The number of diabetics was found to be 122 (55.96%), and that of hypertensives was found to be 181 (83.03%). The combined number of diabetics and hypertensives was 303 (45.87%). Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent need for proactive measures aimed at early detection through screening tools, risk assessment, and targeted interventions to mitigate disease progression and improve patient outcomes. Thereby reducing the burden of these comorbidities and enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with CKD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49335.08.2025
Determination of normal maxillary transverse dimension by using intercanine and inter first permanent molar width

Pratyusha Priyadarsini Giri, Anand Garabadu, Subash Chandra Nayak, Sreeman Soyam Swadesh and Malaya Manjari Mati

ABSTRACT:
Background: While vertical and sagittal malocclusions are relatively straightforward to detect, diagnosing issues in the transverse dimension poses a challenge. Currently, there are no established criteria to define what constitutes a normal transverse occlusion. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine a value that defines a normal transverse occlusion and to identify cases which require arch expansion as a part of the treatment plan. Study Design: A in vitro retrospective study design was employed. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 maxillary dental casts from individuals aged 12 to 22 years. Among these, 75 belonged to a control group, and 75 to a study group. The casts were randomized and assessed by a single operator, who measured the intercanine width (ICW) and inter molar width (IMW).The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 25.0. Unpaired t test & Mann whitney U test was performed to test the statistical significance difference between the groups at p ≤ 0.05. Results: According to our study the value of intercanine width determining normal deficient arches are 36.90± 2.66 and 33.29± 2.42 respectively. Similarly the value of intermolar width is for normal arches is 41.53±2.1and 39.12 ±2.8 for deficient arches. Discussion & Conclusions: ICW and IMW measurements are reliable indicators for assessing maxillary transverse dimensions. This simple, non-invasive method can aid in early diagnosis and treatment planning for maxillary arch expansion in clinical orthodontic practice.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49367.08.2025
Surface area for co₂/h⁺ exchange structurally connected with the ambaga closed 9-stepped cycle of proton conductance

Ambaga, М., Tumen-Ulzii., A., Sarantsetseg. B and Buyantushig, T.,

ABSTRACT:
The effectiveness of the Ambaga 9-Stepped Proton Cycle relies not only on biochemical substrates but also on morphological infrastructure. Alveolar-capillary and tissue - capillary surface areas provide structural platforms for the exchange of protons and gases - facilitating the redox shifts required for the membrane three-state line system. • The 8th stage (oxygen uptake) aligns with electrophilic substitution, driven by large surface area and high oxygen tension in alveolar capillaries. • The 9th stage (oxygen release and CO₂/H⁺ uptake) requires tissue-level surface area to support nucleophilic substitution, where protons and CO₂ displace O₂ from hemoglobin, linking directly to redox-dependent proton translocation and ATP generation. In this context, surface area is not passive but an active facilitator of biochemical transformations through structural - electronic coupling.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49365.08.2025
Rare case reporting of actinomycosis and mycetoma osteomyelitis of distal radius in two different cases: rare case series

Dr. Jayashree Tamatam, Dr. Hemant Sharma, Dr. Rajesh Kumar Verma, Dr. Asgar Ali, Dr. Lalit Kumar, Dr. Guruditta Khurana, Dr. Shallini Mittal and Dr. Nikita Jajodia

ABSTRACT:
Actinomyces and Eumyectoma is characterized by contiguous spread, suppurative and granulomatous inflammation and formation of multiple abscesses and sinus tracts that may discharge sulfur granules. It is relatively uncommon and it is rarely affects the upper limb bony structure. To our knowledge there is a dearth of literature where these affect the Radius bone. Here we describe a follow up case series of osteomyelitis of distal end radius caused by Actinomycosis & Mycetoma who were immunocompetent having no other co-morbidity or medical conditions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49363.08.2025
Medicinal role of plants from coffee agrosystems of man rural area in Cote d’Ivoire

TA Bi Irié Honoré, VOUI Bi Bianuvrin Nöel Boué, YEO Abdoulaye Sionfoungo and N’āGUESSAN Koffi

ABSTRACT:
In Côte d'Ivoire, the development of agricultural activities has come at the expense of the Ivorian forest cover. To address this situation, agroforestry is now encouraged, making plantations veritable reservoirs of biodiversity. This study highlights the therapeutic benefits of these plants associated with cultivation. A floristic inventory and an ethnomedicinal survey were conducted to achieve this objective. These investigations allowed us to identify 72 plant species, divided into 56 genera and 26 families, with Fabaceae and Moraceae dominating. The majority of these plants (59.72%) have therapeutic properties. These medicinal plants are used in the treatment of 32 conditions, the most common of which are malaria, stomach ulcers, asthma, diabetes, and hypertension. Regarding the plant organs used in medicinal recipes, leaves are the majority (59%). The most common preparation technique for medicinal recipes is decoction (70%). Phytomedicines are most commonly administered as drink (44%). Cola gigantea and Morinda lucida are the most commonly used plants as phytomedicines, while Alchornea cordifolia is the most frequently cited species. Coffee agrosystems in rural Man must be promoted because they are veritable reservoirs of plant biodiversity that contribute significantly to the good health of the local population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49330.08.2025
Unusual presentation of intestinal vasculitis leading to perforation peritonitis

Dr. Abhijit Whatkar, Dr. Bhushan Warade and Dr. Pinal Miyani

ABSTRACT:
Bowel perforation secondary to vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract is rare. We describe the case of an 82-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain, abdominal distension, breathlessness, anorexia, reduced urine output, and constipation. Laboratory investigations and cross-sectional imaging revealed a ruptured liver abscess with associated pneumoperitoneum, consistent with gastrointestinal perforation. This case underscores the need to investigate the underlying cause of unexplained liver abscesses when the patient is clinically stable. The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy for the ruptured abscess and peritoneal contamination.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49326.08.2025
A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge about injectable contraceptive under antara programme among fertile age group women in rural area, Kanker (C.G)

Mrs. Chandrakala Sahu and Dr. Kalaichelvi, D.

ABSTRACT:
A Quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge about injectable contraceptive under Antara [DMPA] Programme among fertile age group women in rural areas of Narharpur. Pre –test and post-test control group research design was used. 60 subjects were selected by using non –probability purposive sampling technique. Data collection was done through structured knowledge questionnaire. The study revealed that in the pre-test 56.67% fertile age group women had average knowledge and 43.33% had poor knowledge in the experimental group. In control group 26.67% fertile age group women had average knowledge and 73.33%had poor knowledge. After video assisted teaching programme in the experimental group 70%had good knowledge and 30% had average knowledge regarding injectable contraceptive and none of them had poor knowledge this indicate that the majority fertile age group women of had good knowledge of injectable contraceptive in post – test and in the control group 56.67% have average knowledge and 43.33% have poor knowledge. There was a significant association between age and lifestyle pattern of fertile age group women with their pre-test knowledge in the experimental group. Problem statement: “A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge about injectable contraceptive under Antara programme among fertile age group women in rural area, Kanker (C.G)”.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49325.08.2025
Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the hydroethanolic extract of The root bark of sarcocephalus latifolius

Essossinam Atefeimbu, Sabrina Sanvee, Koffi Eyram Tsetse, Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo, Tokou Labite Kpoti and Batomayena Bakoma

ABSTRACT:
Background: In Togo, Sarcocephalus latifolius is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including liver disease. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the hydroethanolic extract of the bark of the root of Sarcocephalus latifolius (EHESL). Methods: After studying the phytochemical composition of the extract, the antioxidant power was evaluated by diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and iron reducing power (FRAP) tests. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed using a model of acute paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sub-chronic toxicity and cytotoxicity (with the sea shrimp model) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple Tukey comparison tests to assess significant differences between groups. The results were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: The sub-chronic toxicity study did not show signs of toxicity at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg. The cytotoxicity assessment gave an LC50 = 1.88 mg/mL indicating that the extract is not cytotoxic. The extract showed antioxidant properties with an IC50 of 142.91 ± 1.96 μg/ml in the DPPH assay and a FRAP of 57.53 ± 0.54 μM Fe(II)/g of extract. Evaluation of the phytochemical composition revealed the presence of anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Administration of the extract at doses 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg significantly prevented paracetamol hepatotoxicity compared to the distilled water group. Its results were similar to those obtained with Silymarin. Conclusion: The results show that the hydroethanolic extract of the root bark of Sarcocephalus latifolius contains bioactive substances with antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49108.08.2025

Social Sciences and Humanities

The role of family in old age parent caring-challenges in the structure of modern families and legal safeguards under Indian Law

Dr. Rajani Kumari, K. and Mr. Mahesh, D.K.

ABSTRACT:
India is experiencing a significant demographic shift marked by a growing elderly population and the transformation of traditional family structures. The responsibility of caring for aging parents, once seamlessly handled within joint families, has become increasingly complex in the context of modern nuclear and urban family systems. This paper critically examines the emerging challenges in elderly care arising from the weakening of traditional familial support. It highlights the pivotal role of the family in providing emotional, financial, and social support to aging parents. Furthermore, the study delves into the legal and constitutional mechanisms designed to safeguard the rights and welfare of senior citizens, including the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, relevant provisions under the Constitution of India (Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles of State Policy), and property rights governed by Hindu personal laws. The paper aims to offer an integrated understanding of the socio-legal framework surrounding elderly care in contemporary India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49400.08.2025
A phenomenological study on teachers’ perceptions of classroom management challenges in selected primary schools in Jamaica

Mervyn Sinclair

ABSTRACT:
This phenomenological study explored teachers’ perceptions of classroom management challenges in selected primary schools in Jamaica. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of teachers as they navigated instructional, behavioural and emotional demands within the classroom context. Using a qualitative paradigm, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six primary school teachers from diverse educational settings. The data were analysed thematically to identify recurring patterns and meanings across participants experiences (essences). The findings indicated that teachers' experiences and their school environments slightly impact their perceptions and approaches to classroom management. Another interesting finding was that despite the teachers’ varying years of teaching, class sizes and school locations, they all identified disruptive behaviour, physical environmental constraints, limited learning resources and lack of focus of students as major challenges to the teaching and learning process. The study recommends reducing class sizes in urban schools, provide enhanced professional development focused on differentiated instruction, gender-based instruction, emotional regulation and culturally relevant management strategies, consistent administrative supportand having parity in the distribution of resources to rural schools verses urban schools by the Ministry of Education. Additionally, strong collaboration between schools and families were identified as important to improving the classroom environments. These findings provide critical insights for educators, policymakers, and school administrators seeking to support teachers in managing classroom dynamics and improving teaching effectiveness.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49416.08.2025
Rearing juvenile tilapia sarotherodon melanotheron (rüppell, 1852) in happas at layo (Côte d'Ivoire)

Kouamé Marcel N’DRI, Zeré Marius GOGBE, Yao Nicolas AMON, Yao Laurent ALLA, Miengoh KONE and Kouakou YAO

ABSTRACT:
This study was carried out to analyze the growth and survival performance of Sarotherodon melanotheron reared in happas. To achieve this, 100 individuals with an initial average weight of 7.63± 1.86 g and an initial average length of 7.71± 1.96 cm were monitored for 4 weeks in two 50-L happas, at a density of 1 ind./l of water. The fish were fed at 10% of their biomass with koudijs feed containing 45% crude protein. Weekly sampling was carried out, during which 15 individuals per happas were randomly sampled, weighed and individually measured. The physico-chemical parameters of the water were also measured weekly. The results were 28.35± 1.20°C, 7.46± 0.93 mg/l and 6.94± 0.77, respectively for temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. In terms of zootechnical performance, averages of 12.85± 1.83 g, 9.2± 1.03 cm, 0.20 ± 0.04 g/d and 95.00 ± 1.41% were recorded over the entire study period, respectively for Average Weight, Average Length, ADG and Survival Rate. Weight growth was rapid during the first two weeks, before progressing moderately until the end of the experiment. In short, this study should be repeated over a longer period to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing growth and survival in this species.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49322.08.2025
Les determinants sociaux de la persistance des macro-dechets dans la ville de yamoussoukro (Côte d’Ivoire)

TANOH Ahou Andrée Nicole

ABSTRACT:
La gestion de l’article vise à étudier la participation des femmes à la pratique tontinière et son impact socioéconomique. La méthode de travail repose essentiellement sur la recherche documentaire, les enquêtes et l’observation directe dans le marché Cocovico d’Angré. Ainsi, les enquêtes ont été effectuées à partir d’entretiens réalisés auprès de 46 commerçantes de produits vivriers. Les données ont été consultées selon le mode de l’échantillonnage raisonné. Les résultats obtenus sont de trois ordres : les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des commerçantes de produits vivriers du marché Cocovico, les déterminants sociaux de leur participation aux tontines et l’impact socioéconomique de cette pratique tontinière. A travers ces résultats, l’on retient que le système tontinier bien qu’ayant des limites apparaît comme un mécanisme d’entraide et de solidarité financière, économique et sociale pour ces femmes, exclues du système bancaire à cause de leur vulnérabilité économique.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48670.08.2025
La participation des femmes aux tontines et son impact socioeconomique: cas des commerçantes de vivriers du marché cocovico d’angré (Côte d’Ivoire)

CHERIF Douo Elodie

ABSTRACT:
L’objectif de l’article vise à étudier la participation des femmes à la pratique tontinière et son impact socioéconomique. La méthode de travail repose essentiellement sur la recherche documentaire, les enquêtes et l’observation directe dans le marché Cocovico d’Angré. Ainsi, les enquêtes ont été effectuées à partir d’entretiens réalisés auprès de 46 commerçantes de produits vivriers. Les données ont été consultées selon le mode de l’échantillonnage raisonné. Les résultats obtenus sont de trois ordres : les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des commerçantes de produits vivriers du marché Cocovico, les déterminants sociaux de leur participation aux tontines et l’impact socioéconomique de cette pratique tontinière. A travers ces résultats, l’on retient que le système tontinier bien qu’ayant des limites apparaît comme un mécanisme d’entraide et de solidarité financière, économique et sociale pour ces femmes, exclues du système bancaire à cause de leur vulnérabilité économique.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.48669.08.2025
Farmers’ suicides in tamil nadu– reasons and responses with special reference to thirumanur delta

Dr. Anand, E.

ABSTRACT:
Central and state government always claim that agriculture is the backbone of India. “India lives in villages.”Agriculture with its allied sectors is the largest source of livelihood in Thirumanur delta, Tamil Nadu. Agriculture continues to be the most predominant sector of this district economy, as 70 percent of the population is engaged in Agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The district has as an area of 1933.38 sq.km with a gross cropped area of around 0.948 lakhs Ha with 93 percent of farmers being small and marginal. The sustained struggle of the delta farmers against the hydrocarbon project has given them a slight relief. However, the farmers of the western districts are still fighting the GAIL pipeline project through agricultural lands, the high-tension electric line and the green corridor road between Chennai and Salem. Ground water levels have fallen down below 200 feet in many places in Tamil Nadu and water shortage due to poor rainfall, reduced crop costs and decreasing access to formal financial services to the farmers. The water level at Mettur dam often goes below the threshold level in and out of the seasons and hence it becomes almost impossible to obtain water from the dam. In Thirumanurdelta, there was sufficient ground water even at 90ft below ground level, but of late one is able to find a little water only after digging up to 200ft. In many parts of the district a variety of crops, ranging from paddy to onions and pulses are grown during the regular seasons. Farmers sow the winter crops two or three times. Each time the field dries up, they would make a fresh attempt in the hope that more showers would arrive and douse their crop. But on the other hand, drought and insufficient rain leads to high expenses and leads to subsequent crop loss. District rural economy is high and dry due to the transport, harvesting, marketing and procurement bottlenecks, lack of cold storage, adequate processing facilities, market shutdowns and labour shortages. Lack of knowledge of agricultural mechanization among farmers to carry out various farming operations, starting from land bed preparation, sowing, crop protection, post harvest technology management and value addition in time is also a responsible factor for economic downfall. Farmers’ suicides are precisely due to career problems, sense of isolation, abuse, violence, family problems, mental disorders, addiction to alcohol, financial loss, chronic pain, crop failure, debt, bank loan, cyclone and MSP (minimum support price) is unheeded. Natural calamities have also resulted in huge losses for paddy, coconut, plantain and sugarcane farmers in different time periods. The delayed dispatching teams by the government to see crops affected areas during natural calamities and cyclones and the compensation announced by the government is not sufficient for the damaged crops Therefore, the Union and state governments need to be more proactive in framing policies to save farmers from further damage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49347.08.2025
A study on the impact of genarative artificial intelligence on teaching and student engagement in teacher education institutions

Shri. Sunil S Patil

ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the influence of ChatGPT, a generative AI tool, on teaching effectiveness and student engagement in teacher education institutions of Vijayapur district. A descriptive–correlational research design was adopted, involving 30 teacher educators and 120 student-teachers from six B.Ed. colleges. Data were collected using a self-developed Likert-scale questionnaire covering two domains: (1) Perceived Impact of ChatGPT on Teaching Effectiveness, and (2) Perceived Impact on Student Engagement. Descriptive statistics revealed a high level of positive perception among both teachers and students. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between the use of ChatGPT and student engagement (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). Results suggest that AI-assisted teaching strategies enhance lesson preparation, instructional delivery, and active participation. The study emphasizes the potential of AI integration in higher education pedagogy, while recommending structured training for educators.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49390.08.2025
Environnement et vie scolaire: stratégies de réduction des grossesses en milieu scolaire dans la ville d’agboville (Côte d’Ivoire)

Yao Kouakou Jean-Marie

ABSTRACT:
Cette étude vise à proposer une stratégie d’éducation à la santé sexuelle et reproductive adaptée aux élèves, afin de lutter efficacement contre les grossesses adolescentes en milieu scolaire dans la ville d’Agboville en Côte d’Ivoire. Elle permet d’identifier les multiples déterminants de ces grossesses et d’évaluer la pertinence des stratégies actuellement mises en œuvre. Pour ce faire, une démarche qualitative a été adoptée. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 36 personnes sélectionnées selon un échantillonnage à choix raisonné et la méthode par saturation. Les techniques utilisées incluent la recherche documentaire, l’observation directe et les entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats de l’étude s’organisent autour de deux axes principaux, à savoir l’identification des facteurs sociaux, culturels et économiques favorisant les grossesses précoces, et l’analyse des stratégies existantes pour y faire face. Il en ressort que les actions actuellement menées sont très souvent ponctuelles, non coordonnées et peu évaluées, ce qui limite leur efficacité. Pour y remédier, la lutte contre les grossesses adolescentes en milieu scolaire nécessite une approche globale, intégrée et durable, ancrée dans l’environnement éducatif et social des élèves.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49382.08.2025
Effectiveness of ai in detecting financial fraud: a case study of digital payment systems

Dr. Shailaja, B.

ABSTRACT:
The rapid growth of digital payment systems has transformed the global financial landscape, but it has also increased the risk of sophisticated financial frauds. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical tool for enhancing fraud detection capabilities, offering real-time analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling that surpass traditional rule-based systems. This study examines the effectiveness of AI in detecting financial fraud within the context of digital payment systems, using both quantitative survey data and qualitative insights. Data were collected from 120 respondents, including industry professionals and digital payment users, to assess AI adoption levels, trust in fraud detection methods, and perceived effectiveness. Results indicate that 47% of organizations currently employ AI tools for fraud detection, with AI-based systems gaining higher trust (35%) compared to traditional methods (26.67%). Findings reveal that AI demonstrates superior adaptability to evolving fraud patterns, yet challenges remain in terms of implementation cost, data privacy concerns, and user awareness. The study concludes that while AI significantly enhances fraud detection efficiency and accuracy in digital payments, its optimal effectiveness depends on integrated approaches combining AI, regulatory compliance, and user education. The implications of this research are relevant for policymakers, financial institutions, and technology developers seeking to strengthen fraud prevention strategies in the digital era.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49374.08.2025
Examining the impact of the kasturba gandhi balika vidyalaya (kgbv) scheme on the academic life satisfaction of female learners in jhargram and bankura districts

Vivekananda Sen, Kajal Das and Samir Ranjan Adhikari

ABSTRACT:
This study investigates the impact of the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) scheme on the academic life satisfaction of female learners in the Jhargram and Bankura districts. The KGBV residential schools serve as an extrinsic intervention designed to support academically disadvantaged girls from marginalized communities. Employing a descriptive survey within an ex-post-facto design, data were collected using the Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) from two groups: beneficiaries enrolled in KGBV hostels and a comparable reference group of non-beneficiaries. Each group comprised295 staying in KGBV hostels (Study Group) and 589 attending as day-scholars (Reference Group) female students respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that both groups reported high levels of academic life satisfaction, but the day-scholars expressed higher satisfaction. Despite coming from socio-economically deprived backgrounds, KGBV beneficiaries displayed life satisfaction levels almost equivalent to their non-beneficiary peers. These findings suggest that the KGBV scheme effectively supports the psychological well-being of its students.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49359.08.2025
Living and the health conditions of elderly people in kaalvankarai slum at saidapet- chennai city

Dr. Anand, E. and Rev. Dr. A. Louis Arockiaraj S.J.,

ABSTRACT:
Senior citizen means any person being a citizen of India who has attained the age of sixty years or above. Aging is the process of becoming old or growing aged. Obtaining blessings from the elderly of the house before commencing any task or function is a tradition in Indian culture. Elders possess a vast experience in different walks of life. Their practical wisdom and experience would be a source of inspiration and learning for young generations. They right advice to achieve greater heights. They are our great teachers: we learn from them. They are our inspiration: we imitate their enriched life. They are our blessings: We see God’s grace-being fulfilled in our lives in and through them. It is a boon to have our elderly parents stay at home with us. They are role models for our children. They provide us moral support, encouragement, and spiritual support. Our children are safe when they are present at home. They knit the family together even though we face hardships and strained relationship with our relatives and neigh bours. Therefore, today’s you gain the strength and will power from the senior citizens in taking the individual, family, community, society and nation to greater heights. Elders need to be taken care of by the younger generations. They need to be protected and their life and stay needs to be ensured. Considering them as part/ asset of the family, obeying the decisions taken by the elderly, respecting their presence will enhance the youngsters to preserve the family structure as an institution. Therefore, May the road rise up to meet you. May the wind be always at your back,May the sun shine warm upon your face; The rains fall soft upon your fields, May God hold you in the palm of His hand. The elderly living in Kaalvankaraiare uneducated, poor, unemployed and are low waged laborers. They are deprived of love and support from the family and the society. They are considered as burden, because they are not bread winners of the family anymore. They are denied of a dignified living in the society and more particularly in their families. They face ill health due to malnutrition. Many women are anaemic and suffer huge loss of weight. They suffer from improper medications, deprived of portable drinking water, proper sanitation and hygiene. Apart from this the slum dwellers face housing problems, poverty, proper education, pollution, diseases and sicknesses and chronic infections. These problems create the health and hygiene related problems. Unhealthy conditions are created in slums due to absence of public facilities. Malnutrition, infectious diseases, traffic accidents, violence, heart diseases are some of the major concerns recorded in the area of our study. Our findings from the study area highlighted that42 percent of the elders are unemployed and are not in a position to work. Most of them are slum dwellers and 90 percent is illiterates. Majority of the elders in the slum (53 percent) having the habit of chewing tobacco. Predominant health issues identified among the elderly in the study area were heart related problems (11%), cancer (07%), strokes problems (12%), and lung related problems (06%). Due to rise in the elderly population in the slum, there is an urgent need to provide better health care facilities like mobile health clinic services which would bring about a healing and better health status in the life of the elderly who are otherwise unfortunate.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49346.08.2025
Conrad’s heart of darkness: Is it a purveyor of comforting myth?

Dilip Hazarika

ABSTRACT:
Cette étude It has been still a matter of great debate whether Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a militant denunciation of imperialism or an epitome of racist ideology. This ambivalence results from the oblique narrative technique and discourse of the text. The frame narrative distances the author from the discourse of the text putting the author’s position in this matter unclear. The anonymous narrator who quotes the story of Marlow does not seem to narrate a story with consistency. If at certain point, the narrator focused on the cruelties of the colonizer upon the native people and shows the true face of colonial mission in the African soil, the narrative changes at the next moment to describe Congo in exotic terms like any imperialist writers. Description of the central character Mr. Kurtz is also marred by dubiousness. The same text describes him as a remarkable man and also as a symbol of savagery. The critical reception of the text is also divided between seeing it as purveyor of comforting myth and studying it as anti-imperialist text. In this study, an attempt is made to see beyond this ambiguity and to reach out to a meaning that the text may be conveying.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.49111.08.2025