Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 10; October2025

In the northern region of Côte d’Ivoire, alum sludges from the Sinématiali drinking water production plantare directlyrejected into the natural environment without any specific treatment.This constitutes a source of pollution and potential health hazards. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potentialvalorisation of these alum sludges in construction materials by carryingout physico-chemical characterisation tests. Chemical, mineralogical, spectral, microscopic and wettability studies were performed on these alum sludges. The results of the chemical composition through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis shows that the most abundant oxides in alum sludges are silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) with respective proportions of 50.80%, 36.57% and 10.32%. Potassium oxide (K2O), sodiumoxide (Na2O) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are onlypresent in small quantities. Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the alum sludges are mainly composed of poorly crystallised kaolinite (78%). Minorphases such as hematite (9.3%), illite (7.2%) and quartz (4.5%) were also detected. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of absorption bands at 688.778 and 743 cm-1, 1007, 1013 and 1077 cm-1 characteristics of clays in kaolinite form. Microscopic observation shows a microporous and amorphous structure of these clayey sludges. The high value of water demand (1133 µL/g) favors a good reactivity of these sludges in aqueous solution. These characterisations indicate that alum sludges of Sinématiali are highly suitable for incorporation with Portland cement in the production of refractory construction bricks, as well as mortars and reinforced concretes.

The objective of this work is to valorize unconventional fly ash from the Bargny coal-fired power plant in order to address issues related to the durability of cementitious structures, but also to provide economic and environmental solutions related to industrial waste storage. To this end, an experimental study was conducted to characterize the materials used, in particular the physicochemical and mechanical properties of fly ash, Dangoté cement, and manufactured cement in which clinker is replaced by fly ash at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%), as well as a complete identification of aggregates (sand, basalt, flint, and limestone) for hydraulic concrete. First, the results show that the ashes studied are siliceous, spherical in shape, and have a Blaine specific surface area equal to 4126 cm²/g. In addition, the activity indices found, with values of 77% and 96% at 28 days and 90 days respectively, show that the ash is pozzolanic according to the specifications of standard (1). Furthermore, the use of these fly ashes as a substitute product increases the Blaine specific surface area of the cement produced, and therefore its workability, and the mechanical strengths at 28 days are higher than the characteristic strengths given by the standard (3) for a substitution rate of up to 20%. The durability study proves that the use of ash results in fewer connected pores accessible to water in the material.

Background & objectives: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways aim to minimise surgical stress, promote faster return of function, shorten hospital stay. While ERAS has been studied extensively in high-resource centres, evidence from rural tribal tertiary care hospitals is limited. This study compared ERAS with conventional perioperative care in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute cholecystitis. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted at rural tertiary hospital in western Maharashtra between January 2024 and July 2025. Adults aged 18–60 years with ASA grade I–III and Tokyo Guidelines grade I–II acute cholecystitis were included. Patients received either ERAS-based care or conventional management. Outcomes assessed included postoperative length of stay (LOS), time to oral intake and mobilisation, pain scores, opioid use, complications (≥Clavien–Dindo II), 30-day readmissions. Results: Of 126 enrolled patients, 63 were assigned to each group. ERAS patients had a shorter LOS (median 3.0 d (IQR 2–3] vs. 4.0 d (IQR 4–5] ; p<0.001), earlier oral intake (8 h (IQR 7–8] vs. 24 h (IQR 20–26] ; p<0.001), quicker mobilisation (7 h (IQR 6–8] vs. 24 h (IQR 20–26] ; p<0.001). Pain scores and opioid requirements were lower in ERAS group (p<0.001). Rates of complications and readmissions were comparable (p=0.47). Interpretation & conclusions: ERAS-based perioperative management for LC in acute cholecystitis is feasible in rural and tribal settings. Enabling earlier recovery, reduces opioid use, maintains safety outcomes, supporting its wider adoption in resource-limited hospitals.

Introduction: Leadership is a multifaceted concept encompassing various aspects of behavior and skills. This dissertation explores the development of leadership skills among hearing-impaired people at SOLIDATIC Benin through the use of interactive games. Objective: to assess the impact of these games on participants' communication, collaboration and self-confidence, based on David Kolb's experiential learning theory. Method: A mixed methodology was adopted, combining pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 7 experts. 43 participants were engaged in several games designed to encourage interaction and group dynamics. Results: The results showed a p-value < 0.05, signifying a significant improvement in leadership skills, particularly in communication and decision-making. Conclusion: Interactive games created an inclusive learning environment, empowering participants. This study suggests that integrating games into educational programs can transform the development of leadership skills in the hearing impaired, and paves the way for future research into social inclusion through play activities.

Background: Anaplasma is bacteria that infect the blood cells of domestic and wild animals, leading to a reduction in productivity. This study aimed to identify certain species of Anaplasma in goat blood of Béoumi's locality (Côte d'Ivoire). Methods: In order to determine their prevalence in dwarf goats in Béoumi locality, blood samples were taken from them during the dry season and the rainy season. A total of 270 dwarf goats were mobilized from December 2015 to September 2016 in areas close to watercourses and areas far from watercourses. Samples were taken from auricular venules, then placed on object slides in order to be observed under an optical microscope. Results: Of all goats examined, 12 were positive for Anaplasma. The prevalence was 4.44%. All the infested animals came from area B (near the waterways) and were only females over two years old. Two Anaplasma species were isolated: Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale. Anaplasma marginale was the most present with an overall prevalence of 4.44% versus 0.74% for Anaplasma centrale. Conclusion: This study showed the presence of Anaplasma in goats breeded in Béoumi locality, particularly near waterways. goat farmers will need to be informed about the methods to combat anaplasmosis.

Traditional healing knowledge encompasses a holistic view of health, encompassing not only physical illness but also mental, spiritual, and social well-being. Traditional healing knowledge is valuable for its affordability, cultural values, and accessibility. Ethno-medicine is the study of traditional medical practices and knowledge systems of different indigenous groups or tribal communities. Ethno-medicine often includes herbal remedies, spiritual healing, and the role of community healers. Tribal communities have dependent on ethno-medicine for healthcare, using resources available, particularly plants, herbs, and minerals. It often includes spiritual beliefs, along with health. The Oraon tribe balances traditional and modern health systems. They use various plants and natural resources for treatment, reflecting their strong connection to nature. Their health system is based on two main causes of illness: naturalistic (environmental) and personalistic (supernatural). Their spiritual healers perform rituals and restore balance when illness is thought to be caused by supernatural forces or ancestors. These healers face social isolation due to fear of perceived supernatural powers. As a result of rising globalization and modernity, the traditional knowledge of the Oraon tribal is threatened with loss. There is an immediate need to documented and safeguard their Ethno-medical practicing knowledge to ensure their cultural heritage will be preserved for future generations.

Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) is an essential component of treating cleft lip and alveolus and cleft lip and palate. Alveolar cleft repair involves creating a bony bridge to restore maxillary continuity.One of the main success factors for this bony bridge is its dimensions, which are assessed radiographically using specific scales. The results of SABG treatment influence where teeth should be placed in the cleft; in cases where a tooth is lost, they assist specialists in determining whether to close the gap or restore the missing tooth. X-ray images are used to assess the results of the treatment. This literature review aims to assess the various radiographic scales for evaluating alveolar cleft repair and analyse their key properties.The most well-known is the Bergland scale. The literature also suggests the Enemark, Long, Kindelan, Chelsea, and SWAG scales.All of them use periapical or occlusal x-rays to determine the height of the bony bridge or the degree of bone fill in the cleft area.

Due to the low density of passable streets in cities and in order to reduce the distances travelled during collection, trucks collect waste at collection points or sorting stations. Unfortunately, these locations are often non-existent and, when they do exist, they are poorly distributed. This is the case in Bouaké, the second largest city in Côte d'Ivoire, covering an area of 71.79 km² and with a population of over 785,133, where household waste is dumped illegally in some places, especially along roadsides. To solve this problem, the use of a Digital Algorithm for Optimal Location Identification (ANIOL) of collection points and sorting stations may be a credible alternative. The process of developing this algorithm is based on the use of geospatial data combined with clustering algorithms to determine the best locations for collection points and sorting stations. The basic software for programming is QGIS, and Python is used to generate the code. Next, Dijkstra's algorithm was used to determine and optimise collection routes. Based on the results, ANIOL suggests setting up 432 collection points and 62 sorting stations, compared to zero collection points and 79 sorting stations for the current (existing) system. Internal validity tests carried out on ANIOL in Bouaké gave the following results: 100% coverage, 77.63% coincidence rate with spontaneous deposits, and 80.32% proximity rate to roads. This would place the city of Bouaké among the leading and exemplary cities in terms of waste management. Monitoring the optimal route determined by ANIOL has resulted in a reduction of 302 km in daily travel and would save more than 60,000,000 CFA francs per year in collection costs and avoid the emission of nearly 300 tonnes of CO2 per year during waste transport.

India’s linguistic diversity has been central to its political and social fabric, shaping regional identities, governance structures, and national integration. The reorganization of Indian states along linguistic lines was a landmark decision that continues to influence the country’s federal structure. One of the most influential figures in this debate was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who provided a nuanced perspective on the formation of linguistic states. He not only supported linguistic reorganization as a means to enhance administrative efficiency, democratic representation, and cultural preservation, but also expressed concerns about linguistic chauvinism and its potential to fragment national unity. His vision of linguistic diversity remains relevant in contemporary India, where language continues to be a contentious issue in politics and governance. This paper revisits Ambedkar’s ideas on linguistic states and national identity, analysing his contributions to the state’s reorganization debate and the implications of his arguments in present-day India and also to explore the contemporary relevance of Ambedkar’s ideas in light of current language-related debates, regional linguistic movements, and demands for new states. The demand for linguistic states was a powerful force in post-independence India, with movements driven by cultural and administrative aspirations. While the reorganization of states on linguistic lines helped address regional grievances and created a more administratively efficient structure, it also led to the rise of regionalism and identity-based politics, validating some of Ambedkar’s concerns. The discussion also extends to Ambedkar’s views on Hindi as a national language and the role of English as a neutral link language in governance and education, which acts as a neutral medium for communication and access to modern education. The paper ends with linguistic identity politics, coupled with ongoing debates on language policies, highlights the need for a balanced approach that respects linguistic diversity while fostering national unity.

Libraries are undergoing a major transformation with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), introducing technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and virtual assistants into library operations. AI-driven recommendation systems are emerging as key tools that analyze user behavior to provide personalized suggestions for books, articles, and digital resources. These systems enhance user engagement, improve information retrieval, and promote efficient resource discovery. Globally, institutions like the New York Public Library and the British Library are utilizing AI for e-resource recommendations and archival research, while in India, libraries such as IIT Bombay Central Library and the Delhi Public Library are adopting AI to strengthen academic and public services. However, challenges related to data privacy, ethical implementation, and staff adaptation persist. This paper examines the role, benefits, and limitations of AI-based recommendation systems in libraries, highlighting the need for responsible and balanced integration to advance user-centered information services.

L’orpaillage illégal en Côte d’Ivoire constitue un défi majeur pour les autorités publiques, notamment dans la région de la Nawa, fortement marquée par la pauvreté rurale, la faible régulation étatique et la montée des économies informelles. Loin d’un simple phénomène opportuniste, il s’inscrit dans des logiques sociales, politiques et économiques complexes, souvent ignorées par les approches répressives classiques. Cette étude vise à comprendre les facteurs de persistance et les mécanismes d’ancrage local de l’orpaillage illégal, en interrogeant les rapports entre informalité, gouvernance communautaire et stratégies de survie dans les zones rurales marginalisées. La méthodologie repose sur une approche mixte combinant enquêtes de terrain qualitatives (entretiens, observations participantes) et exploitation de données quantitatives issues d’un questionnaire administré aux acteurs locaux. L’échantillonnage a été réalisé selon une méthode raisonnée (ou par choix ciblé), en sélectionnant des sites d’orpaillage actifs et des profils variés d’acteurs (orpailleurs, chefs de site, transporteurs, commerçants, autorités locales). Les résultats révèlent que l’orpaillage illégal est soutenu par des facteurs institutionnels (corruption), économiques (absence d’alternatives viables) et sociaux (réseaux communautaires, légitimation sociale), qui renforcent son enracinement territorial et sa normalisation sociale. Cette recherche montre que l’orpaillage illégal ne peut être combattu efficacement sans repenser les politiques publiques sous l’angle d’une co-construction avec les acteurs locaux. L’informalité y apparaît comme un mode alternatif de gouvernance et de régulation sociale. L’étude contribue à renouveler les cadres d’analyse de l’économie informelle en Afrique de l’Ouest, en valorisant une approche interdisciplinaire centrée sur les dynamiques locales de résilience, de pouvoir et de justice sociale.