Visualizing viral evasion of prrs: a review of live cell imaging and confocal microscopy techniques

During the initial stage of viral defense, the host maintains vital sentinels through Pattern recognition receptors called RIG-I-like receptors, including RIG-I and MDA5. The successful viral infection and propagation depend on various advanced strategies developed by viruses to bypass these receptors. Biochemical methods combined with immunological approaches have given valuable molecular information about viral immune evasion, yet they fail to detect complex cellular interactions occurring in living cells at the molecular and spatial levels. The combination of live cell imaging techniques with confocal microscopy tools now lets researchers observe virus-host interactions instantly, which provides brand new methods for studying spatial and temporal viral evading patterns. This paper gathers existing information about viral RIG-I and MDA5 evasion pathways while presenting advances in live cell imaging combined with confocal microscopy techniques that researchers use to study the complex viral innate immune sensor blocking strategies. Additionally, we explore the boundaries of existing imaging methods while identifying promising research pathways in this fast-growing field.