November 2018

The paper disclose the activity of mosques in Tashkent city in the second half of the XIX century. The author studies the role of mosques in social life of the city, the influences of Russian colonial policy on religious institutions and economy of mosques. Besides, there has been illustrated the staff of mosques and their incomes in the article. The functions of mosques apart from being praying houses has also been researched in the article. Archival documents, the works of scholars of studied period have been foundation to prepare the article.

Socioeconomic factors which are inclusive of formal education, natural resources and how they are governed by culture and central government define the level of development in any community. The levels to which local cultures interact with global cultures enhance the degree to which people adapt to external influences which would support their positive development in global lenses. While young people seek more economic opportunities and claim further property rights, their participation in community development projects remains low in comparison to adult participation. Government has been implementing various projects and programmes all geared towards poverty reduction and boosting food security in Turkana County, however the number of youth taking up responsibility in community development projects is low. The study sought to establish influence of formal education level on youth participation in community development projects in Turkana County. The researcher used Krejecie and Morgan table to sample 360 drawn from a population of 13848 youth. Stratified sampling was adopted in selecting 45 participants from the eight locations in the study area. Purposive sampling was used to include key informants for interview and FGD resulting to a total of 375 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data and qualitative analysis on non-numeric data. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the associations of the study variables. Results revealed that rural youth lacked practical skills, values and attitudes to engage in community projects. The researcher recommends that education system should foster a positive attitude towards youth participation in development projects through revision of education and training curricula to enable training that meet demands of labour market. The study concludes that success of community development projects in Kenya depend on youth participation in decision-making, development planning, good leadership and the will of institutions at the grassroots to pursue sustainable participatory development endeavors.

Logical exploitation of technology and innovation management graduates a start-up venture to scale-up. This is through a process of stabilisation, permeating the trend obstacles and achieving their objectives. Environment has been shifting at a rapid pace ever since we have started involving with it, but due to the speedy nature caused by technology, it has become increasingly volatile. Changing business environment is a boon and volatility offers tremendous opportunity to innovate and hence emerges room for manoeuvre to entrepreneurs. At present the external environment is rapidly changing and becoming increasingly volatile. In fact, it creates uncertainties to probe the minds. Some view that changing environment represents significant threats for the SMEs. Organizations need to get human resources and adequate technology for survival and to flourish.

This study ascertained the usage of cooperative learning in teaching Science. Students were randomly selected and equated wherein each group has equal number of subject-respondents. Data needed for this quasi-experimental research were obtained through a fifty-item teacher-made test then scores in the pre-test and post-test were used to determine the significant relationship and difference between the groups. As to comparing the groups, paired t-test and independent sample t-test was used in determining the significant difference of the two test mean scores between groups. After data were tabulated and analyzed, found were: the performance level of the control and experimental group during the post-test were average and very high, respectively as indicated by their means; there is a high significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group; a high significant difference in the pre-test and post-test of the control group; a significant difference in the pre-test between the control and experimental group; lastly, there is a significant difference in their pre-test and post-test mean gains. The patterns and strength of the findings suggest that Cooperative Learning is more effective in attaining optimum learning compared to the lecture–discussion method.

Development of soft skills is the most demanding area of education worldwide. Millennium development goals also emphasized on developing both hard as well as soft skills in order to increase human potentials. Teacher Education training programs curriculum, teaching practices and teachers standards all indicate the importance of hard skills for a professional teacher, but soft skills which gives essence to professionalism and which is the essential part of good teaching as indicated by Shaheen, Zhang, (2012) is not getting its due importance, although soft skills are directly linked with teachers and teaching success- Jessy John (2009). These skills cannot be read out from a book, these skills are embedded in a teacher’s behavior and his/her practice will reflect them in students behavior. Soft Skills like Personal habits, questioning skill, good communication skills, problem solving skills, critical thinking, team building, networking, emotional and cultural sensitivity, strong work ethic, positive attitude, time management or teacher’s movement; are those skills that are needed in today’s educational environment. Today’s teacher’s curriculum is focusing more on people than on processes. Soft skills play a very important role in educational as well as in professional successful careers. Global and national demands of professional abilities are changing very fast. As Sarah Andreas (2018) says, scenario is totally changed. A decade ago high academic records with work experience were in demand, while now only hard skills are not sufficient for enhancement of career, persons with soft skills, resources, self-directed, having good communication skills are in demand. This study aims to identify perception of educational experts related to existing place, importance and process of enhancing soft skills and positivity in teacher educators through professional teacher’s training program. Qualitative Data was collected through in-depth interviews from eight educationists on criteria of more than twelve years working experience in the related field. Thedata derived from interviews was then analyzed to deduct themes. Results of the study revealed that all experts are strongly in favor of including soft skills as essential components of teachers training programs, and it should not be taken as hidden curriculum. They identified critical thinking, communication skills, team building, time management, positive attitude and body movement as essential components of teacher’s training which should be taught through micro teaching. Positivity toward work is linked with success, nonprofessional attitude of teacher’s trainers and absence of microteaching from teaching practices, lack of supervision and insufficient period of training are the affecting factors. Rethinking of teaching process and teaching subjects can minimize the problems and improve the quality of teachers training programs.

Natural resources have been constantly destroyed from the time of mankind until the present day. This has led to gradual deterioration of the ecological balance. Particularly the benefits realized in order to meet the needs of energy, housing and nutrition have led to irreparable impairments in all natural resources and the structure of natural populations and gene frequency have changed in the negative direction. These negativities have also reduced the biological diversity of all living things. Today, the widespread industry and the environmental problems that arise in the face of the growing population have led to the end of the natural resources. In particular, with the emergence of climate change problems, it has become very difficult to ensure the sustainability of natural resources. Forests, one of the most important sources of nature from these negativities, have also been damaged. Ensuring the sustainability of forests is very important in terms of global warming and carbon emissions. For this reason, successful natural and artificial rejuvenation work is necessary in the forests. For this purpose, the natural structure of the forests, the developmental dynamics of the forests and especially the influence of the climate factors on young individuals need to be analyzed and evaluated very well. It is essential that any technical interventions to be carried out in the forests are dealt with in detail in terms of microecological conditions. For this purpose, changes in number of natural fox youth and their growth status were investigated in the fixed test sites of 10x25x40 m size between 2004 and 2017 on the stems of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf., Which is naturally found in the Bartın-Ardıç region. As a result of these examinations, it was determined that the average number of youth per square meter between 2004 and 2017 showed a significant decreasing trend, ranging from 286.7 to 36.4. On the other hand, between the same years, it has been determined that the mean height growth of the fir juvenilities changes between 1.2-83.6 cm in normal closure conditions and shows trend. In addition, it has been determined that the root collar diameter measurements made on natural juvenilities in the sample plots showntrend between 1.3-18.7 mm. The standardized rainfall-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was used to determine how the juvenilities affected the climate conditions in the study. As a result of the climate analysis, it has been found that the number of natural fir juvenilities and their growth performance are significantly affected negatively from the drought periods in the region and they are far below the normal performance level when growing in these periods. However, the drought periods between 2004 and 2017 have also significantly delayed the maturation of the stand.

The Government of India implemented a drastic change in the economic environment on 8th November,2016, by demonetizing the high currency notes of Rs 500 and Rs 1000. Demonetization was a step taken by the honourable Prime Minister to eradicate black money and to flush out the fake currency being in circulation from the economy. The objective of this paper is to deeply go through the issue of demonetization and to study the hardships being faced by the rural people due to demonetization. Various websites, journals, articles, write ups of famous personalities, news in newspapers have been consulted to write this paper. This paper concludes that respondents suffered very bitter experience of demonetization. According to the respondents demonetization was not a good step as they had problem in operating digital economy.

In the context of agricultural land degradation in Burkina Faso, there is an increasing interest in Jatrophacurcas L. as potential source for crop production sustainability. In order to evaluate the chemical properties of Jatropha biomass and compost, trials were carried out in 2017 (May 2016-June 2017) in Torokoro and Tin locations with jatropha growing farmers in the south Sudanian zone of Burkina with annual average rainfall of 1200 mm. At each location, two (02) farmers were selected to conduct the trials (biomass collection and compost production). The trials were done in field with 2 and 6 years old Jatropha threes. The experimental design consisted of plots of 400 m2 each containing 20 m of Jatropha threes. The results indicate very high level of C, P and K in both Jatropha Biomass and compost. Jatropha biomass and compost are high potential sources of organic matter and nutrients which can improve crop productivity in the Burkina Faso.

Procurement fraud remains endemic in most modern economies. E-Procurement fraud may manifest in various ways, including collusion by parties involved in procurement as well as falsification of documents. A procurement officer may be induced, through bribe, to favor a particular supplier. For protection against procurement fraud, organizations have tried to implement some control measures, hoping to discourage fraud that is directed on institutions. Complex fraud does not revolve around the breaching of controls, but bypassing them. We set out to design and implement an e-procurement fraud detection tool for public entities using multi-agent technologies. This is informed by contributions from various government employees who were interviewed, literature reviewed and publications that indicate the presence of fraud in public offices attributable to procurement processes. A prototype of an e-procurement system is developed with the complete procure-to-pay functionality. This provides the implementation environment for the agent-based fraud detection tool. Fraud detection is then simulated using rule set to determine suspicious activities and transactions in the e-procurement system. The agent-based e-procurement fraud detection tool is able to detect and report fraud in situations where inflation of unit cost of items at requisition level and further upward adjustments are done while raising purchase orders. Upward adjustment of quantities on purchase orders after requisition approval is also picked as fraud by the agent detection tool. This is a scenario that requires approvals from approvers who may be compromised or fail to take note of the discrepancies. The proceeds from such fraud may be paid to the participants in the procurement chain as kickbacks (bribes).

Portuguese State relations with the Vatican during the colonial period under the presidency of Oliveira Salazar. How was it possible to preserve a multi-continental imperial space, which evolved into the conception of a "one and indivisible Portugal" as the design of one's own national identity and the preservation of Salazar in power. The difficult relationship with the Holy See even though it was a government that supported Catholic electorates in Portugal and was supported by these same elites. The difficult period of the Second Vatican Council. The period in which the Church was represented in the legislative councils of the Colonies, based on the Organic Law of the Portuguese Overseas Territory of 1953. It included, along with vowels elected by the contributors, others appointed by corporate bodies and economic, cultural and spiritual and moral interest, in which the Church chose the latter category. The revision of the Organic Law of 1963 maintained this representation of the Church in the provinces of general government and created an Economic and Social Council comparable to the Portuguese Corporate Chamber in which the Church was also represented.

Synbiotic ice creams formulated with three probiotic variations (free L. plantarum, encapsulated L. plantarum, and a mixture of commercial Bifido. Sp and L. plantarum) were observed for their rheology and sensory properties. Microencapsulation of L. plantarum isolated from fermented cacao beans via freeze drying with 6% (w/v) lactose, 6% (w/v) skim milk and 3% solution of k-carrageenan coatings has shown the highest viscoelastic properties based on high fat content due to the addition of vegetable oil during the encapsulation process. Although there was no significant differences (p<0.05) in the overall acceptance attributes, the degree of sweetness for encapsulated L. plantarum ice cream was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to other samples. Henceforth, the encapsulation materials and freeze drying technique did improve the viscoelastic properties and overcome the sour taste of probiotics in ice cream formulation.

In his book entitled Towards a global civilization of Love and Tolerance M. Fethullah Gülen defines love as the strongest relationship among individuals that forms family, society and nation. I would personally say talking about love between two people, that love is the fact of being present for your partner, being ready to defend the interest of the later wherever and whenever need may be. Unfortunately it happens that one of the partners ignores this principle of love. Sometimes people prefer their own interest than the interest of the group. Death on the Nile, one of Agatha Mary Christie’s detective fictions is a good illustration of the topic of my paper. Themes such as murder, love, materialistic love, marriage, investigation, jealousy, etc. have been developed in the novel. The main purpose of this article is to highlight the dangerousness and consequences of materialistic love in love affairs.

This article investigates, in the motivational perspective, factors preventing students to develop effective communicative performances and their influence on students’ motivation. The participants were 58 sophomore EFL students from Marien Ngouabi University and 11 lecturers. Qualitative and interpretative research techniques involving classroom observation, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires were employed to collect relative data. The findings of the study indicate that teaching strategies used by teachers and the social context in which the target language is taught are not conducive to an effective EFL language learning process and do not sustain students’ motivation. To reverse the situation, the present paper suggests a series of language teaching strategies and principles adaptable to the teaching of foreign languages.

Nowadays, non-performing loan (“NPL”) and the settlement of such NPL in banking sector in Indonesia still constitute as crucial issues. This article aims to: (1) find out provisions on Good Governance in relation to auction process over guaranty with security right attached to it in relation to NPL settlement in banking sector in Indonesia; as well as (2) to dig deeper the obstacles in settling NPL through auction institution. This is a normative legal research that uses primary and secondary legal sources through literature study as well as supporting data from various articles and cases. The large number of NPLs in the banking sector is followed by the increment of NPL settlement that uses auction institution in executing credit guaranty, one of them with security right, to pay off debtor debts to the bank. Auction institution is chosen by bank as it is faster and easier than using writ of execution available in the District Court. The existing provisions on Good Governance in auction already adequate; however, there are still obstacles to implement auction over guaranty with security right attached to it in banking sector in relation to NPL problem, ranging from the period before the auction, at Court, at auction, and in executing the guaranty with security right.

Introduction: A lump in the breast is of great concern to the patients and is also a challenge to the diagnostic judgement of the surgeon. Early diagnosis of breast cancer has increasingly resulted in a more conservative surgical approach to the disease. Methods: The present, comparative study was conducted in the Postgraduate Departement of General Surgery and Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Government Medical College Srinagar,for a period of obout two and a half years. A total of 60 patients underwent clinical examination by surgeon, FNAC by pathologist. Mammography/ultrasonography was done and evaluated by radiologist blinded to FNAC/Clinical examination reports, MRI breast was arranged and evaluated by radiologist blinded to result of triple test. Results: Most common age group affected was 50 to 70 years with a mean + SD of 50.9±14.47. Most common location of breast lesions in patients was upper outer quadrant 31 (51.7%) and least common location was lower inner quadrant 4 (6.6%). Left sided lesions 31(51.67%) were more than right sided lesions 28 (46.67%) with only 1 (1.66%) bilateral lesion. Benign lesions were present in 28 (46.33%) patients and malignant lesions were present in 32 (53.33%) patients. Pain was the most common symptom present in the patients 25 (41.7%) followed by nipple discharge 7 (11.7%) and then weight loss, 6(10%) patients. Skin changes were present in 20% patients,4 (6.67%) had nipple retraction, enlarged axillary lymph nodes were seen in 21 (35%) patients. the accuracy of triple test in the evaluation of breast lesions with 96.9% sensitivity and 67.9% specificity and positive and negative predictive value of 77.5% and 95.0% respectively. the accuracy of MRI in the evaluation of breast lesions with 96.9% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity and positive and negative predictive value of 91.2% and 96.2% respectively. Conclusion: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) breast is equally sensitive to triple assessment in the evaluation of breast masses. It is more specific than triple test in the evaluation of palpable breast masses. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MRI is more than triple assessment. MRI is able to detect occult lesions of opposite breast.

Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important medicinal plants and used in formation of important drug in ayurvedic system of medicine. It is prescribed for many diseases such as fever, general debility, diabetes, urinary infections, jaundice and skin diseases. Aqueous and Methanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated for their phytochemical analysis. FTIR of methanolic stem, leaf and aqueous stem, leaf is analyzed. Phytochemical screening of Tinospora cordifolia extract revealed the presence of various bioactive components such as Resins, Diterpenes, Flavenoids, Phenols, Carbohydrate, Alkaloids and Amino acids. Further, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has strengthened the Phytochemical clarification. In present study phytochemical investigation of Tinospora cordifolia was performed. It showed the presence of Resins, Diterpenes, Flavenoids, Phenols, Carbohydrate, Alkaloids and Amino acids. The presence of bioactive compounds shows the importance of medicinal plants as an efficient of therapeutic agents.

The human GIT has normal flora of bacteria which play important role in homeostasis of human gut. The imbalance of gut flora is induced by traditional treatment such as antibiotics which causes increased prevalence of disorders and diseases. This disruption of host microbial can be manipulated by using probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotic is microorganisms that produce metabolic by-product which exerts beneficial effects on biological functions and modulate the immunity of the host. While, prebiotic is a fermented component or non-digested food which though to stimulate or activate the microorganisms in the human gut. In conclusion, probiotics and prebiotics can be used to treat gut disorders due to imbalance of normal flora which is reported to cause many gastric diseases.

Bacteriological characterization of waste dump sites, soil and air environment of an urban and a rural market during wet and dry days was conducted to determine the bacterial population and distribution in order to ascertain the market hygiene and environmental safety. A total of 64 soil samples were collected within three months and examined for heterotrophic bacterial counts. The mean bacterial counts ranged from 13.08 ± 2.29 х 104 cfu/g to 22.39 ± 5.38 х 104 cfu/g and 10.85 ± 0.66 х 104 cfu/g to 21.50 ± 1.67 х 104 cfu/g in the urban and rural markets respectively during the dry days. The mean bacterial counts ranged from 30.05 ± 5.49 х 104 cfu/g to 38.05 ± 5.27 х 104 cfu/g and 18.73 ± 5.45 х 104 cfu/g to 24.33 ± 4.14 х 104 cfu/g in the urban and rural markets respectively during the wet days. The bacteria isolated included Escherichia coli, Shigella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp, Bacillus aureus, Enteroccoccus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli was the most prevalent bacterium in the urban market with percentage prevalence of 93.76% while Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent bacterium in the rural market with percentage prevalence of 37.51%. There was significant difference (p< 0.05) between the bacterial population in the rural and urban markets during the wet and dry days. An effective waste management and disposal method in markets is therefore necessary to prevent potential disease outbreak.

Intestinal diseases are caused by parasites, due to the great increase of predominance and different forms of clinical manifestations, characterize a disorder of great relevance to public health. In the contagion of intestinal parasites, soil, air, water, flies, hands and food stand out as the main means of propagation of protozoa and helminths. This research had as objective the parasitological analysis of lettuces marketed in a free market. 60 fresh samples of lettuce specimens [Lactuca sativa] of curly variety were used for analysis purposes, using the spontaneous sedimentation technique. The most common enteroparasites found in lettuce samples were Ascarislumbricoides and Entamoeba coli. The effective action of the washing methods was then analyzed, meaning that the resting and washing with sodium hypochlorite obtained a better result in the removal of the parasites in relation to the other sanitizers. It is recommended the practice of educational actions aimed at the marketers and consumers, as well as uplifting through advertising media. It is necessary to offer better support of structure, in the points where the free fairs are held, above all in the sanitary situations and in the water supply.

A decrease of water resources around the globe in irrigated agriculture has resulted in a steep decline in irrigation water availability. Therefore, management options for efficient use of available irrigation water are inevitable. In addition to that, the judicious use of combinations of organic and inorganic resources is a feasible approach to overcome soil fertility constraints. Hence, effects of drought, fertilizer and mulch on maize biomass and some soil properties were examined in a green house. The objective was to determine measures which will enhance resistance to drought and increase maize biomass with improved soil conservation. Twelve treatments were considered by varying irrigation, mulch, and fertilizer. Experimental results revealed that: (i) Mulch application increased Water Used Efficiency (WUE) by 30.18% and 34.80% under full irrigation in 2005 and 2006. (ii) Mulch decreased under ground biomass by 21, 30.20 and 2.4% under full irrigation, mild, and serious stress. (iii) The use of fertilizer alone increases underground biomass by 16.98 and 32.19% in 2005 and 2006. (iv) Mulch application reduced soil bulk density by 1.53% under mild stress treatment.

The use of feed technology greatly influences the decision of households in carrying out production activities, allocation of labor and consumption, so it is necessary to conduct research on the relationship between the use of technology and household decisions in carrying out their activities. By studying the impact of technology on household decisions, it can be calculated how much household income is due to the use of technology in the study area. This study aimed to analyze the role of technology utilization in increasing the income of traditional cattle farmers in South Sulawesi Regency. The study was conducted by survey research that illustrate the systematic and factual about the actual phenomenon. The results showed that: (1) The use of food technology led to an increase in production costs, but also leads to increased acceptance, resulting in an increase in household income of traditional cattle farm; and (2) Some policies can improve the production yield and can reduce the cost factor that can improve the economic of the traditional cattle farmer households. Some suggestions for policy makers based on the results of this study, which is expected to implement policies: (i) support the use of feed technology application on cattle farming; and (ii) the subsidy increase in the number of cattle ownership.

At present, emerging information technologies or computer technologies are all pervasive and have tremendous benefits but also raise some ethical and social concerns. Let us have an understanding of such issues before we may think of addressing the possible social and moral fallouts arising out of it. In this paper, it has been tried to highlight the importance of ethics among information technology professionals to ensure that computer technology is not used in the wrong way which can harm people, our environment and the society. IT professionals need to be fair, loyal, honest and have ethical practices while working for an organization to make it a success. IT professionals have to abide by codes of conduct like at Harvard University which has a well-drafted ‘IT Professionals Code of Conduct to protect Electronic Information and a sort of self-policing.’ A grading methodology can measure the ethical environment of an organization for creating benchmarks in an entity.

In an effort to psychologically oriented solution to the menace of terrorism in the Nigerian state, we employed a 2x2 factorial design to examine risky framing and certainty effects on counterterrorism tactics adoption. Eighty students of psychology, (mean age = 24.35 years, SD =2.85 years) were involved in the study. Framing was varied into positive and negative framing levels, while certainty was varied into certainty and uncertainty levels. A 2-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) result revealed significant main effects of framing and certainty on counterterrorism decision. The results were discussed in consideration of the prevailing security challenges in Nigeria.

The plant world is a Pandora of active chemical compounds. Nearly half the medicines that we use today are of herbal origin, and a quarter contains plant extracts or active chemicals taken directly from plants. Aloe genus, which belongs to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, produces a number of metabolites in good yields and some have been shown to possess useful biological activities. Many compounds belonging to different classes, including anthrones, chromones, pyrones, naphthalenes and flavonoids have so far been reported from the endemic aloe of Ethiopia. This review focuses on phytochemistry and medicinal use of endemic Aloe of Ethiopia to allow an evaluation of the potential for utilization of the largest biomass of endemic Aloe available.

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Among fuel cells PEMFC is unique and only kind of low temperature fuel cell that uses solid polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM - Nafion®) which operates at relatively low temperature (60-120°C). In PEMFC stack the gas diffusion media is sandwiched between the bipolar plate and the catalyst layer to form the gas diffusion layer (GDL). In the present study GDL macroporous layer were prepared using coir pith carbon fibers along with PVA as binder and Pani as co-binder. A comparative analysis of electrical resistivity and porosity of coir pith carbon fibers based GDL macroporous layer with commercially available(SIGRACET 10, 24/25,34/35& TORAY GDL) GDL, the effect of binder, co-binder and thickness of GDL were studied.

Background: pregnancy is associated with maternal physiological, biochemical and hormonal changes. The aim of this study was to assess the serum lipid profile and thyroid hormones among Sudanese pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional case control study conducted at Hafiz Almisbah private medical center, Khartoum Sudan in the period from April to September 2018. Sixty pregnant women; as cases; (20 from each trimester) and sixty non-pregnant women; as controls; were included in the study. A fasting venous blood was collected from each participant, obtaining the serum; thyroid hormones were measured by ELISA (Stat fax - 2100) , and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc and HDLc were measured by CHEM-7, Erba Mannheim. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20, t-test was used for comparison of means between two groups and Pearson’s correlation test was used to test the association between study parameters and variables, P-value < 0.05 is considered significant. Results: There was a significant increase in total cholesterol (mean ± SD: case; 197.03 ± 40.39 versus control; 171.05 ± 40.23 mg/dl, p-value: 0.001), triglyceride (mean ± SD: case; 172.45 ± 42.15 versus control; 149.05 ± 42.06 mg/dl, p-value: 0.044), HDLc (mean ± SD: case; 46.58 ± 10.32 versus control; 41.80 ± 7.82 mg/dl, p-value 0.005) and LDLc (mean ± SD: case; 116.50 ± 38.94 versus control; 99.02 ± 36.25 mg/dl, p-value: 0.012), T3 (mean ± SD: case; 1.54 ± 0.39 versus controls; 1.29 ± 0.37 Iu/l, p- value: 0.001) and T4 (mean ± SD: case; 8.92 ± 1.81 versus controls; 8.25 ± 1.10 Iu/l , p-value: 0.016), while there was a significant decrease in TSH (mean ± SD: case; 0.47 ± 0.42 and control; 2.35 ± 1.23 Iu/l, p-value: 0.000), The result also showed a significant positive correlation between total cholesterol and T3(r: 0.437, p-value: 0.000), cholesterol and T4 (r: 0.539, p-value: 0.000), cholesterol and TSH (r: 0.313, p- value: 0.015), triglycerides and T3 (r: 0.513, p- value: 0.000), triglycerides and T4 (r: 0.560, p- value: 0.000), triglycerides and TSH (r: 0.270, p-value: 0.037), HDLc and T3 (r: 0.408 p-value: 0.000), HDLc and T4 (r: 0.541, p-value: 0.000), HDLc and TSH (r: 0.279, p-value:0.031), LDLc and T3 (r: 0.328, p-value: 0.011) and LDLc and T4 (r: 0.392, p-value: 0.002); but there was no correlation between LDLc and TSH (r: 0.242, p-value: 0.062. Conclusion: pregnant women had increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDLc and LDLc, T3 and T4, and they had decreased levels of TSH.

This article is concerned with the achievement test on mathematics for grade X students. The test consists of the 50 multiple choice items extracted from the grade X mathematics course. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the achievement test to measure the students' cognitive level of grade X mathematics. The preliminary instrument consisted of 60 multiple-choice items and first it was tested on a sample size of 50 students of grade X. After the refinement of the test items using different procedures, 50final achievement test items were designed. The second test administration was organized after 40 days in the same group of students. This test construction and development consists of the steps as preparation of test blueprint, preliminary draft and answer key, pilot testing, item analysis, preparation of final test, reliability and validity of the test and norms. Discriminative Index and power of difficulty level was calculated. Test reliability coefficient was calculated and found to be 0.86 and also the internal consistency Cronbach’s α was found to be 0.85.Likewise, validity was also established through the expert judgment and establishing reliability coefficient. The age norm was also established.

Precise diagnosis for a wide range of diseases infecting the human eye is a commitment. Therefore, developing new, smart algorithms is necessary to enhance doctors’ diagnostic decisions. The recently invented Pentacam® is a measurement system that introduces topographic maps for the cornea, measures changes upon it, and helps doctors to make a precise diagnosis. This study extracts features from corneal topographic maps to improve the Pentacam® readings and further support precise diagnosing by using deep learning techniques, with an analytical view of the extracted features. A 16-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained using the VGG-16 network to extract powerful features from corneal topographic maps. A sample of 732 human eyes were selected from enlarged topographic images from both genders (414 females and 318 males), divided into two groups: normal and abnormal. The patients’ ages ranged from 12 to 76 years. The procedure of the study consisted of three major steps: (1) classification of the extracted features according to the refractive map type (where the estimated accuracy was 96.6%); (2) prediction of the clinical state (normal or abnormal) per individual map (where the estimated accuracy was 88.8%, 98.9%, 94.8%, and 94.5% for the sagittal map, the elevation front map, the elevation back map, and the corneal thickness map, respectively); and (3) comparison of the predicted results and clinical decision-making. The agreement between them reaches about 94.72%, which indicated the power and usefulness of the proposed algorithm.

Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out for synthesis of Zeolite W under the static conditions. The synthesize sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrocopy. Zeolite W was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of malathion from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were performed in a batch system. The effects of various experimental parameters (contact time, solution pH, effect of temperature and adsorbent doses) on the adsorption efficiency of zeolite W against were investigated for malathion. Zeolite W also performed against malathion in acidic and basic condition but highest adsorption capacity observed at pH 7 (aqueous solution).

Software development agile approaches are mainly characterized for prioritizing the development of functionalities through executable code rather than the production of extensive written documentation and also for presenting quick responses to changes. In this context, this work aims to report the application of Scrum in an undergraduate classroom environment in the Computer Science course of the State University of Paraiba, during the development of a project for the Project Management subject, by presenting the entire project execution process. In the end, we achieved an experience that simulated a real world industry-like situation, common to that of software development companies, which facilitated the learning of the content of the subject.

Esthetics is commonly thought as one of the fundamentals of oral rehabilitation. Thus, the selection of artificial teeth is one of the vital steps during prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients particularly those with no available pre-extraction records (1,2). The proper choice of the maxillary incisor in terms of the size and form of the upper anterior teeth considering the patient’s gender and age can contribute significantly to attaining greater facial harmony (3-5). Several methods have been used as guides for the replacement of incisors teeth including photographs, plaster cast and radiographs. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding the best technique to be used for this purpose (3). Worldwide, a variety of population-based measures for replacement of upper incisors teeth for cosmetic appearance have been reported, however such data in Saudi population is lacking. Therefore, Aim: to identify one of the proper features for esthetic appearance of upper incisors through studying the relationship between length of the face and length of maxillary central incisors in Saudi population. Material & methodology: The data concerning facial length and upper central incisors were collected from 300 patients. Inclusion criteria: Saudi patient of age group between 20–35 years, healthy without systemic diseases. Exclusion criteria: patients with bad habits (Teeth grinding, or bruxism, chewing on pencils and nails), previous esthetic treatment (orthodontic, surgical, periodontal treatment). Facial length was the total length that was measured from the hair line to the tip of the nose, and from the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin.Central incisors were measured from zenith point to the incisal line. Digital caliper (IOS) was used for all candidates’ measurements in a well-designed data sheet.The data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 21.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Results: 300 candidates were included in our study. 101 Male 198 Female. The facial length was (7.41 .62, meanSD), the length of both central incisors #11 and #21 was (.40 .12, meanSD). There was significant correlation between the facial length and central incisor #21 with Correlation Coefficient of 0.156 (P= 0.007). while there was borderline significant correlation between the facial length and central incisor #11 with Correlation Coefficient of 0.113 (P= 0.05). Conclusion: Our results revealed that there was positive correlation between the length of the central incisor and the Hight of the face in Saudi population that might indicate suitable esthetic appearance.

Background: Despite the efforts to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS through programme interventions targeting individuals, the persistent high rates of HIV/AIDS through heterosexual relationships in Nigeria further underscores the need to examine the effects of relational variables such as sexual intimacy on sexual behaviours, multiple partners and HIV/AIDS risk. It has been acknowledged that sexual networking could influence the spread of HIV, however, the role of relational variables in the spread of HIV amongst stable relationships, and sexual networks remains unclear. Hence the focus of this study is on sexual intimacy and HIV risk amongst sexual groups such as dyad, triad, or more partners in Nigeria, where high numbers of new HIV/AIDS infection are within marital or cohabitation relationships. Methods: A sample of 1,621 (864 women; 757 men; 815 HIV seropositive; 806 HIV seronegative) respondents, who participated in survey and in-depth interviews, were selected from two clinics and two other locations using multi-stage and purposive sampling methods. SPSS (version 21) software was used for quantitative data analysis while the qualitative data was analysed quantitatively. Results: Age (P = 0.05), sex (P = 0.001), education (P = 0.017), relationship status (P = 0.000), number of sexual partners (P = 0.000), had sex while drunk (P = 0.000) and HIV status (P = 0.000) significantly correlate with levels of sexual intimacy. Relational variables provide a better understanding of complex sexual behaviours in sexual groups and HIV/AIDS risk. Conclusion: The levels of sexual intimacy are the relationship pathways through which factors such as age, sex, relationship status, number of sexual partners, education, had sex while drunk and HIV status influence sexual behaviours and HIV risk amongst groups. Targeting sexual groups instead of the individual to curb the spread of HIV in high incidence areas would be more rewarding. Hence there would be improvement in the sexual wellbeing of the individuals and the public.

This research paper goes over the definition of AI, and its macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts in terms of economic and productivity growth, and labor demand. AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology is widely being developed and expected to be used more broadly. Thus, many experts and papers are estimating its economic value and possible impact. Many reports state that AI technology will bring in considerable revenue. The revenue will increase due to improved productivity which will reduce costs, and advance the quality of products. First, the installment of AI technology will greatly increase both labor and firm productivity. According to a report, innovation induced by this technology is classified as a skill-biased technical change. When labor productivity increases, those who are high-skilled and highly educated can improve their jobs, but those who are not educated will be displaced. Also, AI technology can improve the productivity of firms by assisting various functions. Second, product personalization, quality of products, and utility of consumers will be improved and consumption will be facilitated. This research paper will go over both theory and empirical research to figure out if AI technology will influence economic growth. Economic growth is measured by estimating real GDP globally and comparing data from prior years. Many people worry that AI technology will replace their jobs. In this report, the possibility of AI replacing jobs done by humans and generating new occupations with a new paradigm will be discussed.

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of literacy input to improve language literacy skills of primary school students in Ethiopia. It envisaged the effort of primary school English language teachers to improve the learners’ English language literacy, and to introduce the strategies of improving literacy skills that promote achievement of the country's development goals. The study was conducted in two primary schools in the South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' region of Ethiopia. The subjects of this study were 40 grade five learners and 6 English language teachers in two primary schools. Both Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the study. Questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. The findings of this study show that the primary school teachers in the study did not practice literacy instruction effectively and students spent little time both at school and at their homes on literacy learning activities. The major contributing factors for this were lack of appropriate textbook companions and other instructional materials. In addition, monitoring students' literacy progress was limited to poorly designed tests and the teachers do not use the assessment information to remedy student errors or to construct learning opportunities for students who learn at a different pace. There are English language literacy barriers in the school and at home environment and these seem to be major problems in reading development of many learners. Finally, some recommendations were given to different stakeholders on how to act on the identified obstacles of the students’ English language literacy improvement.

The objective of this study was to prove the beneficial effect of using the diode laser vaporization in treating selected cases of CIN II. Fifteen women with CIN II were analyzed; two of them have been undergone total abdominal hysterectomy without salpingo oopherectomy, eight of them have been treated with electrocautery diathermy and five with diode laser vaporization and then to be followed up after six weeks and then every five months. Among the women treated with diode laser; four women had negative results after six weeks follow up with Pap smear and one showed recurrence. The data demonstrates the beneficial effect of diode laser vaporization in treating CIN II with minimal complications.

The development process often produces spatial inequality among different regions. As a result of this some regions may appear to have more than their average share of some facility and this evident in developing countries where the urban centres usually have concentration of essential goods and services compare to the rural counterparts. This research paper is an attempt to examine the spatial disparities in infrastructural facilities in different Districts of Indian state of West Bengal and intern analysis its impact on regional development. A simple multivariate method has been followed to compute a composite Infrastructure Development Index (IDI) by combined various Infrastructural Services available at the District level. Empirical evidence suggests that there is a positive relationship between Infrastructural Development Index and Per Capita Income and negative relationship between Infrastructural Development Index and Poverty. However, an effort should be made to create more infrastructural facilities at the district level to raise the state domestic product and reduce the level of poverty of the people concern.

The present study explores the research trend and productivity in the field of Mechatronics and the data was downloaded from the Web of Science Database for the period of 2000 – 2017. The study is aims to analysis the data in terms of year wise growth, Most Productivity Authors, Most Productivity Journals, Relative Growth Rate and Doubling time. Further study is also aims to find Form Wise, Language wise and Country wise Distribution of research data. It is evident from the table that highest number of records is published in the year 2015. The growth rate is 0.274753 in the year 2000 and it is decreased up to 0.070893 in the year 2017. The mean relative growth rate of articles for the period of 2000 to 2009 is .1705 and while, 2010 to 2017 it is found to be .1016 correspondingly, on the other hand, doubling time of the articles is 2.5222 in the year 2000 it raises to 9.7753 in the year 2017. It shows an increasing trend. On an average 6.54 citation per articles were observed during the study period and the highest number of citations were cited in the year 2005. Further, it is observed that the polynomial model or linear growth model almost fit in the field of Mechatronics. Katsura S has contributed the highest number of articles (72) during the study period. The Journal of Mechatronics has published the highest number of articles (140) and received the highest number of citations, which is emerged as most productivity journal. The large majority of the publications are published in the form of Proceedings Papers (2374) and the greater majority of the publications published in the English language (3735-97.72). USA (473) and Germany (444) were contributed highest number of publications of the among 3822 publications. Keio University and Tokyo Denki University are the most productivity institution in the field of Mechatronics. It can be concluded that Mechatronics is one of the most emerging fields in Engineering.

The IT industry has not only catapulted India's representation on the global platform, but has also fuelled economic growth by revitalizing the higher education sector especially in engineering and computer science. The IT sector provides employment to a major chunk of working force of every economy. But in the modern times, Long and stressful working hours, cut throat competition, increasing automation ,heavy workload and monotonous nature of work has made employee engagement a big Issue in IT sector. This study deals with the two very important challenges of IT sector .i.e. Employee Engagement and Employee welfare Programs and their cause effect analysis over each other. The research study is an endeavour to identify the impact of various employee welfare programs on employee engagement level. There are 7 types of employee welfare programs considered. Whereas employee engagement has been measured on Utrecht work engagement scale (UWES).According to the scale the variables identified to measure employee engagement are –Vigor, dedication and absorption (Schaufeli, Salanova et al., 2002) .The study explains the impact of various employee welfare programs on individual component of overall employee engagement. As an outcome of the study the researcher was able to suggest which type of employee welfare program specifically impacts which component of engagement. The outcome of the study can be used to by IT companies to target certain type of welfare practices in order to regulate particular component of engagement from Vigor, Dedication and Absorption. The research tool adopted for the collection of primary data is a structured questionnaire and few personal interviews with respondents. Secondary data was extracted through various research journals, business magazines and company web portals. Out of 416 questionnaires distributed 404 were received with legit and completely filled responses, which were analysed to derive logical conclusions. The data was collected through employees of various IT and ITeS companies from the state of Rajasthan.

Gum Arabic used to be the top cash crop before losing its grounds to A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches of crop quality, were due to drought of mid 1970s and 1980s, plus political instability and the weakness of marketing structure. Those factors resulted in new gum Arabic producing countries such as Chad and Nigeria. The main objective of this study was to investigate, and evaluate constraints concerning gum Arabic production, processing and marketing in Sudan.

“Absolute Unconditional Zero” is explained which was the condition before the creation of the Universe (Before the Big Bang) equal to non-existence of Space, Time and Mass-Energy. Because of non existence of Relative Conditions (like Space-Time and Energy), Absolute Unconditional Zero projected itself as “One Dimensional Unidirectional Upward Positive Imaginary Straight Unconditional Absolute Infinite Line {i; i=Sqrt (-1)}” which was equivalent to “Infinite Imaginary Mass” with no existence of Space-Time. Its point like Dark Shadow i.e. “Absolute Infinitesimal Point {-i}” sucked Segment of Infinite Positive Line in downward direction for distance of iQ (Q=Value of Charge) and for Quanta of Time iTQ (TQ = Q/c = ON/OFF Action) with the help of Vacuum (Differential Pressure = Infinite Pressure – Zero Vacuum Pressure) which was present everywhere. The moment when ON/OFF action was finished (Equivalent to cyclic rotation; either clockwise or anti-clockwise i.e. Rotational Asymmetry), this action oriented segment called as Energy along with equal amount of Absolute Positive Massive segment (HQ2 = G0* Mc; HQ = 1/{2**TQ}) was Collapsed instantaneously (Time=0) in terms of Quanta particles. Each quanta one dimensional Massive (k) Boson particle (h=Q*c*k; k ≈TeV; Spin=0) was enveloped by equal amount of Massless Boson particle (Spin=0). Asymmetry in rotation of this Massless Boson particle shifted Massive Boson Particle diagonally to 4th Dimension such that each Massive particle was converted into Quadra particle with 2 Pairs of Fermion particles- 1) Pair of Top Neutrino and Bottom Anti-Neutrino, and 2) Pair of Quark and Anti Quarks. Further process of creation from this Quadra particle into Internal 3 Dimensional Space is already explained by Author in his previous paper “Theory of 3 Folds and 5 Dimensional Universe”. For this, The Standard Model of Particle Physics is used to arrange all known Fundamental particles (Fermions and Bosons) in 3 Folds way in 4th Imaginary Space. Some of the views of above paper are replaced with simplified concepts in order to better understand creation of our Universe (For e.g., Matter - Antimatter Asymmetry is explained through 4th Dimensional Rotation by Vertical Massless Boson Energy Particles instead of 5th Dimensional Rotation). While overall concept of evolution of the Universe in terms of 3 Folds in 4th Imaginary Dimension remains same.

Background: Muscle energy techniques are usually indicated to relieve pain and improve range of motion, however there are studies indicating their usefulness in COAD patients in improving chest expansiondyspnoea, chest mobility, exercise tolerance, autonomic dysfunction in a way improving vital capacity and consequently, quality of life. Both PIR and RI techniques of MET have opposite mechanisms of working, and have proved to be effective in treatment of COAD patients. However, there is no documented evidence to find out which technique is the best MET technique on respiratory function. Objectives: • To find out the effects of Post Isometric Relaxation with Chest Physiotherapy on respiratory function. • To find out the effects of Reciprocal Inhibition with Chest Physiotherapy on respiratory function. • To compare both of the effects (the effects on dyspnoea, respiratory rate, chest expansion and maximum breathing capacity.),in the two groups. Methodology: Ethical clearance and participant consent was taken. Study design was Experimental Prospective study. The 86 subjects were divided into groups of 43 each by computer generated randomized table method, one receiving PIR and the other, RI techniques and chest physiotherapy was given to both groups. Inclusion criteria included COAD patients and exclusion included restrictive lung diseases and other systemic diseases. The pre and post intervention outcome measures were calculated for both the groups .Then the groups were compared to see if there was any significant difference in the outcome measures. Study duration was 18 months.(May 2016- October 2017) 1. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyse the data. . Data was tested for normality using the Shapiro Wilk test. Parametric test like paired t test and unpaired t test were used for the data passing the normality test whereas nonparametric test like Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Mann Whitney U test were used for the data not passing the normality test. Level of significance was set at 5%. Results • In PIR group; Maximum Breathing Capacity had significantly increased(p=0.11) at post test whereas Respiratory Rate(p=0.009) had significantly gone down at post test. Other parameters had not significantly changed. • Within RI group; Chest expansion had significantly increased(p=0.38) at post test whereas other parameters had not significantly changed. • 3.The amount of change was not significantly different between groups.(dyspnoea p=0.906 ) • (Chest expansion axilla, p=0.879),(chest expansion xiphesternum, p=0.601),(maximum breathing capacity, p=0.193), (respiratory rate, p=0.745) Conclusion: On comparing the differences between both groups there was no statistically significant difference in in both groups in chest expansion (axilla and xiphesternum), dyspnoea, respiratory rate, maximum breathing capacity.

This study aims to study the prevalence of pattern of partial edentulism and its associated factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status and systemic diseases among rural population. The data were collected from 100 patients aged 22 - 60 years of both genders. The survey was based for determining the incidence of Kennedy’s classification with respect to age, gender, occupation and systemic diseases. Kennedy’s class III in both dental arches was the most dominant pattern, with class IV being the least in number. With an increase in age, there was an increase in the Class I and Class II dental arch and a decrease in Class III and class IV in both arches. Gender had no significant relationship with distributions of RPD classification. Edentulism is observed more in workers, farmers and labors especially in kennedy’s class I and II patient’s. Systemic diseases found to be prevalent in class I patients and increasing age. Kennedy’s class III is the most common in both dental arches. Gender had no effect on the prevalence of various Kennedy classes, while age, socioeconomic status and systemic diseases have a significant effect.

The word euthanasia triggers a spate of controversy worldwide as there are different forms of practicing euthanasia. At the extreme ends of disagreement, few country have different opinion on euthanasia who support it and saying that patients has right to die. At the other end, there are opponents of euthanasia who believe that this method is a form of murder. In the present article, the authors give a brief description about the subject, different types of euthanasia and act of euthanasia in different country.

Introduction: The ultimate aim while placing class II restorations is obtaining precise proximal contacts and creating exact proximal contours. Proximal contact tightness is important to protect the periodontium from damage due to food impaction. Stronger proximal contacts are obtained when Class II restorations are placed using sectional matrices and high viscosity or ‘packable’ restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate proximal contact tightness between Cention N and Zirconomer Improved. Method: Eighty Nissin typodont posterior teeth with mesio-occlusal cavity preparation were used in this study. They were divided into two groups (n=40), where group 1 were restored using Cention N (ivoclarvivadent) and group 2 using Zirconomer Improved (Shofu). Proximal contact tightness was evaluated using dental floss, under the FDI criteria. Result: Chi square test was used to test the significance of difference between the two restorative material groups. The difference was statistically significant (p= 0.015) between the two groups. Conclusion: Cention N showed better proximal contact tightness than Zirconomer Improved. However, both Cention N and Zirconomer Improved were mostly within the clinically acceptable score categories.

This reflection article is derived from the coincidences of research work on the nursing students’s conceptions of humanization of the health of two faculties in the cities of Manizales and Tuluá. The experiences observed in the heart of the Corazones Risotones research group and the theoretical dialogues that the authors of this document have had in this regard, are intended to explore the possible relationships between the categories of citizenship training, citizenship and humanization of health. In this work, the university institution and its influence on the generation of health professionals are taken as a field of interest and reference. In the first instance, a review of the concept of citizenship training and a historical tracing of it is linked to the idea of citizenship and the category of democracy, later the implications and obligations of being a citizen are reviewed, discovering the rights and the recognition of the other as the basis of civic coexistence and ethics, everything opposite to the above is a failure of the categorical imperative, it is a dehumanized act and ends by relating and concluding that every citizen exercise implies an ethical relationship with the other that includes care as a manifestation of this relationship, it also highlights the thought that being citizens is learned from different social institutions and highlights the importance of the work of the university to train humanized citizens and professionals. Objective: To make a reflection and relation of the published literature on the subject of citizenship training as a necessary element for the humanization of health. Method: Different databases were reviewed and numerous published works on the subject were analyzed and a reflexive synthesis was made on the relevant aspects to identify coincidences and discrepancies. Results: It is important to mention that few studies target the relationship of the categories treated in this work. The different studies and authors coincide in pointing out that citizenship training is a complex, multidimensional and polysemantic concept, which has evolved with human history, according to the geographic and sociocultural context of society, having as its foundations, democracy, ethics and human rights, that is, the recognition and respect for the other as a citizen, taking into account the above and that such training is one of the missions and functions of the university, this takes special emphasis on careers where health professionals emerge since the citizenship training is intimately linked and it is necessary for the humanization of health, because citizenship is a human condition. Conclusions: Human training is necessary for the generation of integral health professionals who promote and live the humanization of health services, as part of their being and doing as human citizens.

Appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen in emergency department. The etiology of acute appendicitis is still debatable. There have been few advancements in the past few decades. Diagnosis a patient suffering from acute appendicitis with is important for management of patient. Any patient presenting with an acute abdomen differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis is always there. Many methods in abdominal examination and scoring systems have been described in literature for evaluating a case of appendicitis. Even though appendectomy has been the mainstay treatment for appendicitis, antibiotics have also been gaining popularity in the present case scenario. We discuss existing knowledge and evolving strategies in management of patients with acute appendicitis.

Clinical skills had been taught since the early years. Methods in clinical skills learning need media as mannequin and standardized simulated patient. Clinical performances are skills needed by medical students to become a doctor. Motivation is needed to complete a task. To determine the difference of performance and motivation of students using standardized and low cost male catheterization mannequin. This experimental study included 48 fourth year medical students, whom were divided into each 5 of experimental and control groups. Experimental group used low cost mannequin, while control group used standardized. Skills’ checklist in module and intrinsic motivation inventory were used to assess performance and motivation. P value of Mann Whitney test for differences of catheterization skill performances was 0.091. The average value of catheterization skills in control group was 95.06 (SD 4.856), with a range of 82.35-100. In experimental group, the mean value was 97.32 (SD 3.423) with a range of 88.24-100. All p values for subscales of motivation and total motivation were above 0.005. The subscale of motivational value appears to be higher than other elements, while the element of perceived choice was the lowest for both groups. The average score of total motivation was 85.09 (SD 6.915), with a range of 70.45-93.18, while in experimental group, the mean score for total motivation was 87.01 (SD 5.842) with a range of 76.14-94.32. Performance and motivation values of groups using low cost mannequins were higher than those using standard mannequins, although statistical calculations were not meaningful.

Esthetic demands have considerably increased over the years in routine clinical practice. A pleasant smile can give supreme confidence to an individual’s personality. A perfect smile is dictated by a perfect balance of the white (teeth) and pink (gingival) display. Excessive gingival display, usually referred to as ‘gummy smile’ is a major problem in an overall personality of an individual. This case report demonstrates the management of excessive gingival display with lip repositioning procedure along with crown lengthening. Surgical healing was satisfactory with minimal post-operative sequelae and significant reduction in gingival display was observed in 1,2 weeks, 1 month follow-up. This procedure is minimally invasive cost effective technique.

Context: Patients with multiple bone pains due to metastatic cancer in bones presenting in the clinic are very challenging for all oncologists. Along with conventional medical and interventional techniques, the option of radioisotopes for bone pain palliation especially in the multiple bone pain setting is not very popular. Aims: We describe our initial clinical experience with Sm-153 EDTMP in a tertiary care centre set in a hilly state and briefly review the potential of radioisotope methods for bone pain palliation in such a setting. Settings and Design: Initial patients treated with Sm-153 EDTMP (1mg/kg) over first 6 months of the current year were included in the study. Methods and Material: Clinical assessment, haematological assessment and assessment of quality of life with a mini questionnaire was done at baseline and at 6-12 weeks after Sm-153 EDTMP. Statistical analysis used: Data from questionnaires was entered in excel for import to SPSS. Means were compared using paired t test while proportions were compared using chi square test for proportions. Results: Of the 26 patients included in the study 19(73%) showed subjective improvement in pain. Statistically significant improvement in quality of life was observed within 6-12 weeks. Quality of life improved in all the patients who experienced pain relief. None of the patients developed severe haematological toxicity. Conclusions: In the availability of a Nuclear Medicine department, Sm-153EDTMP can be used in a well selected group of patients for utilization for bone pain relief even in the setting of peripheral, smaller cities located away from metropolitan cities. Advantages include long duration of effect, ease of administration, low toxicity and repeatability of doses. It can have a positive impact in quality of life of patients with advanced cancer.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is not a disease but a symptom. For investigating causes of thrombocytopenia in patients, the aetiology can be achieved by taking a good clinical history, physical examination and basic laboratory tests. Thrombocytopenia has an inverse relation to mortality and morbidity is various febrile illnesses, serial monitoring of platelet counts has prognostic value. This highlights the importance of thrombocytopenia in various febrile disorders. Objective: To assess etiological factors of thrombocytopenia in acute febrile illness in indoor patients in our hospital. To assess the prognosis of acute febrile illness in relation with severity of thrombocytopenia. To correlate platelet count with bleeding and effectiveness of platelet replacement therapy. To assess the complications and mortality in relation to thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods: The study is a observational randomised case study carried out from January 2016 to September 2017 at C.U. Shah Medical College and Hospital, Surendranagar (Gujarat). Hundred patients of acute febrile illness admitted to the medicine Department with platelet count less than 1,50,000 per microliter of blood with evidence of infection. The study protocol was approved by the institutional research review board and ethical committee. Result: Maximum number of patients were in age group 31 to 40 years (27%) and Male predominance was observed in all the age groups. Out of 100 patients, Maximum number of 81 (81%) patients presented within 7 days with complain of fever.21 patients had some kind of bleeding manifestation. Hematuria was the most common bleeding manifestation. 14 (14%) number of patients had very severe thrombocytopenia, 55 (55%) number of patients had severe thrombocytopenia, 29(29%) number of patients had moderate thrombocytopenia and 2(2%) patients had platelet count between 1,00,000-1,50,000/ml on presentation. Out of 100 patients 2 were expired and 98 patients were discharged. Anemia was the most common complication other than bleeding. Conclusion: Febrile illness accounts for large number of cases with thrombocytopenia. Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in patients presented with acute febrile illness was Malaria in 55 patiens, among them 40 patients had P. vivax and 15 patients had P. falciparum followed by dengue fever (22%). Anemia (36%) was the most common sequelae other than bleeding manifestation and Hematuria (9%) was the most common bleeding manifestation. Thrombocytopenia has an inverse relation to mortality and morbidity is various febrile illnesses, serial monitoring of platelet counts has prognostic value. This highlights the importance of thrombocytopenia in various febrile disorders.

In this clinical case report we present case of swallowing of an endodontic hand file in 13 years old child. And discuss the validity of dentist action following the accident.

The present survey addressed the trend of bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents in poultry and community connects. It was initiated to gather necessary information on bacterial communities in farm waste, animal food and water; as well as the types of antimicrobial agents used with susceptibility/resistance profile to common antibiotics. Chicken excreta, food and water collected from four farms in Bafoussam and Bandjoun (neighbourhoods in the Western Region of Cameroon) underwent microbiological analyses according to standard protocols. The overall picture indicated that all items submitted to laboratory screening were contaminated. Most common bacteria isolates belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family, genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Members of these groups are known to be engines for resistance traits selection and dissemination and might become dreadful aetiologies of zoonotic infections. A closer look revealed that in 72% of cases, a variety of fluoroquinolones were used in the farms, contrasting with Tetracycline and Nitrofurans that were less common (14%, each). Tolerance was common with some antibacterial agents that belonged to the large groups of quinolones (Nalidixic acid), beta-lactams (Aztreonam, Amoxicillin, Oxacillin), Erythromycin and Co-trimoxazole. Further insight through data from farms and the community highlighted subtle difference amongst bacterial populations and resistance rates to fluoroquinolones (P <0.001), just as site-specific tendency (P <0.05). Interestingly, the farmers acknowledged the threat that resistance might pose to their activity. Both the isolation and resistance rates could help anticipate the heavy economic burden that farm-related infections might generate. Biological alternatives to antimicrobials in farms were therefore thought to be primordial and feasible with the farmers as the primary human resources for the task.

Although the acute appendicitis is usually a clinical diagnosis, atypical clinical presentations and radiological investigations can cause diagnostic confusion. Presence of appendicolith on imaging in presence of abdominal pain without urological pathology warrants diagnostic intervention to rule out associated appendicitis as appendicoliths are associated with complicated appendicitis

Background: The study of medullary cytology is essential for the diagnosis, management and follow-up of many haematological disorders. The myelogram allows a cytological analysis of the bone marrow after aspiration of the medullary sap. Objective: This work aims to determine the indications of the myelogram in our context and to review the contribution of this examination to the diagnosis process. Results: We present the results of a retrospective study, covering all myelograms performed in the hematology laboratory of Avicenna Hospital in Marrakech between May 2016 and June 2018. The prevalence of hematological diseases was 36% of all myelograms studied. The indications were dominated by disturbances of the hemogram (66%). Out of 350 cases reported, medullary plasmocytosis accounted for 15% of pathologies diagnosed against 9.5% of leukemias, 6% of megaloblastosis and 5% of myelodysplastic syndromes. Twenty-two percent of the marrow was reactive, while 31% of the samples were diluted and uninterpretable. Conclusion: The contribution of the myelogram to the diagnosis depends on a good interpretation, therefore the quality of realization. Its indication must be rational and its interpretation requires a good knowledge of the clinical and biological context.

ADEM is theorized to be an immunologically mediated demyelinating disease triggered by a febrile illness or recent vaccination, eliciting an inflammatory response affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Here is a case of a young female presented as mumps which triggered ADEM diagnosed by T2/FLAIR MRI scanning and was treated accordingly.

The aim of this study's to determine the role and effect of digital hearing aid with tinnitus masker in management of tinnitus patient in Iraq. It’s a Prospective clinical case series study in Department of Surgery and Audiology, Al-Jamhori Teaching Hospital. From the period2013 January to April 2018 of 100 patients. Inclusion Criteria: Tinnitus associated with sensorineural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, conductive type hearing loss(e.g. Otosclerosis), retro cochlear type hearing loss. Exclusion Criteria: pediatric tinnitus, those patients suffering from psychological upset (phantom tinnitus), tinnitus due to other causes which may needs surgical interventions likes chronic secretary otitis media, adhesive type otitis media, perforated ear drum, tumors. Intervention: History, E.N.T. examination (Otoscopy examination), Diagnostic pure tone Audiometry device (the important device used in our study), Diagnostic OAEs device, tympanomtry and reflexes device. Outcome Measures: The outcome measurements we depends on subjective feeling of improvement in Tinnitus. Statistical Analysis: done using Graphic Pad Chi-Sequer and P value calculated. Results: Significant decreases in the severity of tinnitus, Mini-Tinnitus is obtained by using digital hearing aid with tinnitus masker in group 1 gives better results than group 2. Conclusion: The findings obtained using either the combined devices Digital Hearing Aid with Tinnitus Masker or the medical treatments like betaserc tab. 16mg demonstrate that these devices are better in tinnitus treatment alternative.

We herein report a case of Pancreaticopleural fistula, which is a rare clinical problem. It is seen rarely in acute and chronic pancreatitis or after pancreatic duct trauma. It poses a diagnostic challenge. It may be silent or can present with predominant chest or abdominal symptoms. The diagnosis should be suspected if a patient presents with pleural effusion in a setting of pancreatitis or alcohol intake. The significantly raised amylase in the pleural fluid offers an important clue to the diagnosis. Computed tomography is the initial imaging of choice, which defines the pancreatic as well as chest abnormalities. The therapeutic options include medical, endoscopic, as well as surgical interventions. Although, there is no data comparing the endoscopic and surgical interventions, patients are generally treated with medical and endoscopic therapies. Surgery is reserved for those who fail medical and endoscopic therapies.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of neurosensory changes in infraorbital nerve follwoing zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures post-trauma and to evaluate the recovery of neurosensory function subsequent to treatment of ZMC fractures over period of six months. Materials and Method: Twenty five patients with unilateral ZMC fracture were included in the study. Neurosensory function was assessed on affected side in the area of distribution of infraorbital nerve post trauma (pre-operatively) and at 1 week,1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-operatively with Pin Prick Test, Two Point Discrimination Test, Brush Stroke Directional Test, Warm and Cold Test and compared with that on the unaffected side, serving as the control. Results: It was found that neurosensory changes were seen in all the patients with ZMC fractures. The neurosensory recovery occurred within 3 to 6 months in almost all cases. Open reduction and internal skeletal fixation of ZMC fractures accelerated the neurosensory recovery. Conclusion: The present study showed that the neurosensory deficit was present in all cases of ZMC fractures. The study also revealed that Two Point Discrimination Test and Brush Stroke Direction Test were more reliable in terms of assessment of neurosensory deficits compared to other tests. The lateral side of nose showed late recovery among all other anatomical sites.

Introduction: Fatigue and poor sleep is highly prevalent in cancer patients receiving chemo-radiation and it has a significant impact on patient’s quality of life. In literature, exercise has been recognized as one of the most effective intervention to combat against these commonest symptoms either related to cancer or its therapy. Aim: Keeping the importance of exercise during cancer therapy in mind, study is aimed to assess the effectiveness of ‘moderate walking exercise program (MWEP)’ on fatigue and quality of sleep among cancer patients receiving chemo-radiation in a tertiary care hospital of Punjab, India. Material and Method: A quasi-experimental, two group pre-test post-test control group design was adopted to collect the data from 60 conveniently selected eligible adult cancer patients who were receiving chemo-radiation in selected study setting. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy General System Model (1968) was adopted to guide the study. Data were collected using socio-demographic profile sheet, BFI (Brief Fatigue Inventory) and VSH (VerranSynydern and Halpern) Sleep Scale. Result: Study revealed that the fatigue scores of cancer patients significantly lowered (p≤0.05) following the intervention of MWEP on 15th day of the chemo-radiation. MWEP also found to improve sleep quality on 15th day during chemo-radiation (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Study concludes that the moderate walking exercise program is very effective as an intervention to reduce fatigue and improve quality of sleep and should be followed by cancer patients receiving combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatment. Recommendations: MWEP should be followed by cancer patients to manage fatigue and decreased quality of sleep. Nurses should be highly involved in oncology wards for encouraging the patients to sustain MWEP in order to improve quality of life.

Background: Satisfaction is the health care recipients’ reaction to their service experiences. According to pediatric treatment triangle given by Wright, treating a child patient involves a 1:2 transaction. But unfortunately, most studies concerning dental patients’ satisfaction in pediatric dentistry have focused on the parent or care giver’s satisfaction & not on the child’s satisfaction. Objectives: To evaluate the level of parents’ and the child’s satisfaction with pediatric dental care provided at PG clinic of Pedodontics department & correlate both of them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents (n = 61) whose children received pulpectomy and also among the treated children for 2 months. They were asked to fill a self-administered dental satisfaction questionnaire. Data were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: Overall average percent mean score of satisfied parents-76.26 ±5.91 &Overall average percent mean score of satisfied patient (5 ITEMS) - 73.14 % ± 10.07 . 16.4% children have given VAS SCORE - 5 Conclusion: Result of our study will help us to satisfy parents’& patients’ expectations & to catch better standards in health care.

Background: In India, CKD one of the major public health problems with many complications. Its progression, can lead to haematological abnormalities including low hemoglobin levels .Increasing renal anemia can further lead to morbidity and mortality in the patients. Aims and objectives: To study serum iron profile and hemoglobin level in patients with CKD. Materials and Methods: 70 patients out of total 96 patients with CKD were studied in the Department of Medicine, BRD Medical College from September 2015 to August 2016. Hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin levels, transferrin saturation, total iron binding capacity and creatinine level were assessed for all patients. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Results: Maximum cases were between 25-50 years (n=32, 45.7%) with male preponderance (n=22, 65.71%). Anemia was more common in male population (58.92). Out of 70 patients, 80%, 65.7%, 40%, 34.3% and 37.14% had low haemoglobin level, decreased MCV, decreased ferritin level, decreased iron level and increased TIBC respectively. Haemoglobin level was decreased in 56 patients, of that 35.71% and 5.35% had decreased and increased serum iron level. Out of 26 patients with decreased TIBC, 69.23% had decreased hemoglobin level. Of the 58 (82.85%) patients who were on iron supplementations, 41.37% had decreased ferritin levels. Out of 55 patients who had creatinine level between 5-15 mg/dl, 42 (76.36%) had anemia. Conclusion: Decreased hemoglobin level is one of the commonest manifestations in CKD patients with male preponderance.

Background: Convolvulus pluricalis an herbal drug is known medicinal plant used extensively in the Indian system of medicine. In this regard to this several experiments has been conducted to know the LD50 and the actual effective (therapeutic) dose, but the results are inconsistent. Thus the acute oral toxicity study was carried out to find out the median lethal dose of the Hydro-Alcoholic extract whole plant extract of Convolvulus pluricalis, which will be used for further experiment to know its effective dose and the clinical trials. Objectives: The present study is carried out to evaluate the Hydro-alcoholic whole plant extract of Convolvulus pluricalis (HACP) for its acute oral toxicity in Albino rats. Methods: Acute oral toxicity of Hydro-Alcoholic whole plant extract of Convolvulus pluricalis was assessed in Albino rats with three doses of the extract at 175, 550 and 2000mg/kg bwt. The mortality, clinical signs & the body weight of the rats were recorded in 0 (prior to administration), 7th& 14th days. At the end of the observation period rats were sacrificed and studied for any histological changes in brain, heart, liver and kidney tissues. The results: Administration of HACP to the rats for 175, 550 &2000mg/kg bwt, were normal up to 1 hour and later on showed a sedative effect for the following 4 hours. Decreased motor activity was observed only in 550 &2000mg/kg bwt of HACP administered rats. All the animals appeared normal from day one to throughout the experimental procedure. No significant changes were seen in the histological structure of the brain, liver, kidney & heart. Conclusion: HACP signified as Nero- suppressant, the drug can be used in the treatment of neurological disorders characterized by hyperactivity of the neurons. The present data could provide adequate confirmation of the safety of CP for further experimental studies on a standardized formulation of the whole plant extract.

The household-scale composting process can use the basket or Takakura method. Another concept, Hot composting, is a method that prioritizes the comparison of the balance between wet waste and dry waste in composting. This study uses both methods. The source of wet waste or green biomass comes from kitchen waste while the source of dry or brown waste comes from fine sawdust. The composting process is carried out in a basket with a household scale with an aerobic process and the addition of bio activators of stale rice moles. There are several important parameters related to the quality of compost including organic matter and pH. Organic material is related to its role in improving soil structure physically, chemically, and biologically. Whereas pH is related to the availability of nutrients in the soil and the dissolution of these nutrients to be absorbed by plants. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental. There are 3 variations in the ratio of green biomass and sawdust in this study, namely 3: 3, 3: 4, and 3: 2. The variable observed in this study is the quality of compost produced. Organic material and compost pH are compared with Compost Quality Standards (SNI 19-7030-2004). The other studies are physical characteristics such as texture, composting time, and shrinkage. Results: There is a significant difference in compost organic matter content among the three variations of sawdust and green biomass (p value = 0,000). There is a significant difference in compost pH between the three variations of sawdust and green biomass (p value = 0,000). Conclusion: Compost with sawdust and green biomass ratios (3: 3) has the lowest organic material content of 29.12%, and the highest is 30.75%, fulfilling the requirements based on SNI 19-7030-2004. Compost with sawdust and green biomass ratios (3: 2) shows a range of pH from 7.32 to 7.72, meeting the requirements based on SNI 19-7030-2004. Depreciation of waste into compost is in the range of 42.86 to 53.33%.

Introduction: Resting tooth-lip relationship virtually leads the clinician to analyse photographs of the smiles and test the reproducibility and reliability of posed smile. Aim of the study is to assess smile aesthetics using ‘variables of smile’ among pre and post orthodontic subjects and implicating it to the orthodontic treatment planning. Methodology: Pre and post-treatment smile photographs (50 subjects) were taken with DSLR Camera (Canon 700D) in NHP and assessed using AutoCAD version 2007. The variables considered in study are Buccal Corridor Space, Smile Arc, Occlusal Cant, Smile Symmetry, Maxillary Midline to Mandibular Midline. Results: Paired t-test was performed showing highly significant differences in buccal corridor space which is 0.000 with p < 0.05 and rest of the smile variables showing 100% positive changes after the treatment in all the compared groups. Conclusion: a) buccal corridor space, b) smile arc and have a distinct characteristic change which made a maximum impact on aesthetic visualization between all the groups. Maxillary and mandibular midlines, occlusal cant are the parameters which show significant changes hence compulsorily should be used in pre-orthodontic evaluation. Parameters like, smile symmetry is subject to ethnic and social variations hence objective assessment has limitations.

The schools today are facing a lot of problems regarding the undesirable effects of disasters. Situated in a low–lying area, Butuan City, Philippines gained nationwide attention regarding vulnerability to frequent disasters that cause loss of lives and damaged properties. The Butuan City public elementary schools are no exemptions to this destruction. The researcher took interest on how the disaster-prone schools of Butuan City dealt with the pressing issue. The study focused on the program initiated by the Department of Education, the School Disaster Risk Reduction Management Program. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative design in the collection of data with 20 disaster-prone elementary schools as respondents. It was found in the study the respondent-schools encountered several problems in the implementation of the School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program (SDRRM). In the SDRRM components, it revealed that there was a poor serving entrance for school children, absence of building emergency evacuation, lack of training of the SDRRG members, dearth of equipment, and a discontinuity of instruction. However, the schools make initiatives to mitigate the problems like they improvised unused materials for them to make disaster equipment. They invited resource persons to conduct seminars and training and others would spend their money on the training and seminars. Most of the stakeholders who lack understanding about DRRM gained knowledge on the DRRM concepts by watching television programs and surfing the internet about disaster preparedness.

The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices followed by the Street Food Vendors in Chennai. A total of 138 street food vendors were surveyed over a period of one month by convenient sampling from southern parts of Chennai. A structured questionnaire consisting of 15 questions was used to record the responses of participants. Quantitative and qualitative methodology was adopted to collect the responses from the vendors. This study revealed that a majority of the vendors, (76%) of them were not registered or licensed as food business operators. In addition to this, 82.6% of the respondents possessed minimum knowledge on food safety and 39.9 % are aware of the laws and regulations that govern their business. The practices followed which were categorized as general hygiene, personal hygiene, food handling, packaging practices and cooking practices varied among the vendors. The vendors showed a positive attitude towards training and 76.1% were willing to attend the training underscoring the need for such training program to enhance compliance to standards.

Aim: The current study was designed to study the toxicological evaluation of Vrikshamla herbal formulation for weight management. Material and method: The whole study also includes the standardization of selected herbal formulation with various parameters like Ash value, extractive value, moisture content, pH and phytochemical investigation. Herein we assessed the broad spectrum safety of Vrikshamla in a battery of in vitro and animal toxicological studies such as, acute oral toxicity studies (1000mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg orally of test sample) was conducted to determine the safe dose as per OECD-423 guideline. The primary skin and eye irritation tests on rabbits classified Vrikshamla drug according to Draize mathod, acute dermal toxicity study in mice. Result: No sigh of toxicity was observed in all parameters except mildly irritating to the eye of rabbit. Conclusion: These results, combined with the tolerability of Vrikshamla in the human clinical trials, demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of Vrikshamla.

Amphotericin A and cyclosporine are an important antibiotic and immunosuppressive agents, respectively; however, nephrotoxicity is one the main adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the p38 MAPK (p38) signaling pathway in nephrotoxicity caused by amphotericin A and cyclosporine from the assessment of stress oxidative, nitric oxide production and cell death in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cell lines. Amphotericin and cyclosporine proved to be oxidative stress (pro-oxidant status), reduction of NO production and DNA fragmentation, determined by flow cytometry using the Propidium iodide dye. In LLC-PK1 cells, the inhibition of the p38 signaling pathway (PD169316 inhibitor) caused a significant reversion status (pro-oxidant to antioxidant), increase of nitric oxide production and reduction in DNA fragmentation when these cells were stimulated with cyclosporine. In contrast, in MDCK cells the same profile was found when these cells were incubated with amphotericin B. Thus, a significant finding of our study is that pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK resulted in a substantial reduction in amphotericin B and cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in vitro evaluated by oxidative stress, NO production and cell death parameters. These results suggest that p38 MAPK signaling can contributes to amphotericin B and cyclosporine-induced renal injury in vivo. We also demonstrate that cells from different regions of the nephron (proximal or distal tubules) present varying sensitivities to the toxic effects of amphotericin B and cyclosporine and showed a differentiated participation of p38 MAPK pathway signaling in this process.

The field study was under taken during autumn season at Regional Research Station, Mainpuri, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) with the objective to findout suitable combination of nutrients and variety of vegetable pea for degraded edaphic condition. Sowing of cultivar Azad P-1 gave significantly higher dry kernel yield by 12.15 q/ha over Arkel (8.94 q/ha) and Azad P-3 (8.82 q/ha). Application of N40 + P60 + K40 + S20 + Ca40 kg/ha significantly increased the dry kernel yield of vegetable pea (13.10 q/ha), thereafter, significant reduction was computed at further installment of nutrients. Application of highest dose of N80 + P80 + K60 + S30 + Ca60 kg/ha produce statistically at par seed yield of vegetable pea(8.63 q/ha) to control (7.67 q/ha). Therefore, the installment of nutrients combination beyond N40 + P60 + K40 + S20 + Ca40 kg/ha confined to the further progress in dry kernel production. The growth and yield contributing parameters were concordance to the dry kernel yield.

For many decades cellulose fabrics has been subjected to different chemical treatments in order to improve resistance against shrinkage, creasing, flexibility, tensile strength and absorbency. Such chemicals include urea and melamine formaldehyde resins. These chemicals are expensive and pose danger to the environment. Polycarboxylic and nitric acids have also been used on cellulose base fabrics for easy care finish. Recently ionic cross linking, polyurethane with nanomaterials as catalyst or co-catalysts has been considered. In order to go more environmentally green and less expensive, this paper presents the results of the physical and mechanical properties of cellulosic fabric esterified with 50cm3 of oils extracted from the seed of Jatropha curcas. The oil was extracted with hexane under reflux with yields of 47.25% and moisture of 0.56%. The fabric was subjected to pretreatments of scouring, bleaching and mercerization to remove impurities and to enhance fibre consolidation before esterification. The results showed that yarn crimp was 31% warp direction while the grey fabric (control) gave the lowest crimp value (5%) along the same direction. The linear density (46 Tex) along warp direction was recorded for Jatropha esterified fabrics compared to 37 Tex for the grey fabric. The fabric sett increased from 24th/cm for grey fabric to 34th/cm for Jatropha fabric along warp direction. The reduction in shrinkage was obvious after esterification using the oil. The tensile parameters were remarkable after esterification 280.78N and 170.40N with extension of 18.07mm and 15.88mm along warp and weft directions respectively for the esterified fabric. That of the grey fabric was 223.87N and 109.39N with extensions of 3.64mm and 3.56mm in warp and weft directions respectively. There was a remarkable improvement in the dry and wet crease recovery angles after esterification (128o dry and 86o wet) along warp direction. The grey fabric gave the lowest crease recovery (50o dry and 37o wet) in the same direction. The observed short fall in strength of the cellulose ester may be attributed to the formation of ester bond. However the general improvement in the investigated properties due to dimensional stability, flexibility and fineness is commendable. This research has contributed immensely to knowledge because this is the first time that biodegradable organic seed oil like Jatropha curcas is used to modify the physical and mechanical properties of cellulosic fabric through esterification. Therefore, the oil is recommended for replacement of the present day toxic chemicals used in textile finishing of cellulosic fabrics.

An experiment was conducted during winter season of two years to study the efficacy of three varieties HFP-4, KPMR-157 and KFPD-24 of dwarf field pea (Pisum sativa L.), three spacing (20, 25 and 30 cm) and two seed rate (100 & 125 kg/ha). Cultivar KPMR-157 proved better than other genotypes and gave highest seed yield of 34.63 q/ha. However, it was almost on a par with yield levels of KFPD-24 (31.43 q/ha) and HFP-4 (30.05 q/ha). The crop responded upto 30 cm spacing (32.78 q/ha) and at this spacing the grain yield was higher in comparison to 20 cm spacing (30.97 q/ha) and 25 cm (32.32 q/ha). The 100 kg seed/ha (32.10 q/ha) gave higher seed yield than 125 kg seed/ha (31.95 q/ha). The growth and yield contributing characters were concordance to the grain yield of dwarf field pea.

The purpose of this study investigates the impact of spirulina and ashwagandha on the biochemical and economic characteristic of B.mori. Nutrition of silkworm is sole factor which almost augment quantity and quality of slide fortification of mulberry leaves by nutrient supplementation can be increased the quality and productivity of silk. Spirulina is blue green algae. It contains 18 amino acids and vitamins. The nutrients are very easy to digests protein and carbohydrates. W.somnifera commonly known as ashwagandha, are used in traditional medicine. The main chemical constituents are alkaloids and steroidal lactones. These include trophine and cuscohygrine. In this experiment consists of 2 treatment (spirulina and ashwagandha) with 5 concentrations (1,2,3,4 and 5 per cent). Hence in this investigation an attempt is made to study the impact of fortification of treated leaves on biochemical content (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) of silk gland, haemolymph, muscle and fat body of B.mori larvae.During insect metamorphosis, profound biochemical changes occur in the haemolymph, in particular, the concentration of proteins. The silkworm produces massive amount of silk protein during final stage of larval development. Further, same study was conducted to find out the economic traits of B.mori. The major real silk fibre is fibroin and the adhesive substance is sericin. The result indicates there is a better silk production.

This article reviews the use of detergents and fertilizers in agricultural activities that lead to water pollution, the consequences for the environment and public health. Currently, sustainable food production demands the use of clean technologies that avoid the excessive use of non-degradable detergents with poly-phosphates and sulphate as agents tense-active in livestock holdings and fertilizers, with high nitrogen and phosphorus contents in field crops, briefly discusses the regulation of phosphate and total phosphorus in wastewater and advocates the use of biotechnology as a decontaminant measure of chemical substances and the use of biodegradable detergents in order to avoid water pollution and environmental deterioration.

The family Scrophulariaceae includes several ornamentals and plants with medicinal importance. In the present investigation foliar epidermal characteristics of three plants useful in ethnic/folk medicine - Cymbalaria muralis, Kickxia ramosissima (both used in diabetes treatment) and Linaria dalmatica (used to stimulate liver function) are studied and their salient epidermal features of leaf are presented in detail here. Sinuous epidermal anticlinal walls, anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, cuticular ledges, peristomatal rims, polar nodules are the characters commonly shared by all the three members. Leaves are hypoamphistomatic with heteromorphic stomata (in shape) in C. muralis, K. ramosissima; amphistomatic in L. dalmatica and atrichous in C. muralis and L. dalmatica. Stomatal groups, stomatal chains, contiguous stomata and long stalked (3 - celled) glandular trichomes with 4 - celled globose head are the exclusive features found in K. ramosissima.

Background & Objectives: Dengue fever is associated with significant morbidity and mortality there by initiation of timely management of the patient to prevent complications is the need of the time. Our study focuses on biochemical alterations associated with dengue fever which would help in early identification and management of patients. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, clinically diagnosed patients of dengue (n=50) and age-matched healthy controls (n=50) were enrolled. Serum bilirubin, transaminases and calcium levels were estimated in both the groups and further compared using Independent student’s t-test. Results: The mean level of serum bilirubin in patients with dengue fever were significantly higher (p<0.01) than controls. The mean serum levels of both the liver enzymes, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly increased (p<0.000) whereas the mean serum calcium level of dengue patients was significantly decreased (p<0.000) than the healthy controls. Interpretation & Conclusion: Dengue fever is characterized by various biochemical attentions such as increased transaminases, raised bilirubin and low calcium. These investigations will help in early identification, diagnosis and management of dengue patients.

Background: Paediatric ART coverage is only 20%, leaving a gap of 80%. The household members of HIV-positive persons often are also infected, but unfortunately, are frequently unaware of their HIV status. Early diagnosis and treatment of paediatric HIV is key as mortality of untreated patients is very high in the first two years of life and reaches 80% by four years. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two principal health facilities offering PMTCT/Paediatric HIV services in Calabar, Cross- River state, Nigeria. A “sibling” here is defined as a child from the same biological parents as the index patient. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the baseline data, which included socio-demography, relationship to the child, and reasons for non-screening for HIV test were obtained. Results: Of the 401 children studied, 367(91.5%) had been previously tested for HIV while 34(8.5%) never had HIV test. The reasons observed for not testing and receiving care were low perception of risk for HIV (36.0%), fear of disclosure (29.2%), fear of stigmatization (22.4%), ignorance (7.9%) and distance from health facility (4.5%). Recommendations: Focused awareness campaigns and advocacy, evidence-based approaches should be sustained; laws that aim to reduce stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV should be enforced.

We present a case of unusual finding on nuclear renal scan in a child of 9 years. Latter on that was diagnosed as a case of renal vein thrombosis. The child presented in pediatric outpatient department (OPD) with complaint of intermittent abdominal pain. On abdominal ultrasound there were asymmetrical kidneys in size. On nuclear scan there was peripheral rim sign/doughnut sign not mentioned or explained in literature previously that was reported as suspicious for renal vascular insult. Renal vein thrombosis was confirmed on renal Doppler ultrasound. Patient recovered completely with medical treatment in pediatric nephrology department without surgical intervention.

Background: Global warming is one of the major problem that could negatively affect the ecosystem and the health of humans. Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide (CO2) and chlorofluorocarbons) and other air pollutant which include particulate matter, benzene, toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ozone(O3) accumulate in the atmosphere and absorb solar radiation and sunlight and eventually bound off the earth’s surface. Global warming may cause unalterable damage if no effort is made to avert it. Consequently determining the public knowledge and awareness on the topic would be one of the solutions of the problem. Objective: The goal of this research is to identify the level of knowledge and awareness about global warming that will make people more conscious about the effect of global warming. Method: In this study, survey research was used as the methodology. The sample of the study consisted of 1000 people randomly chosen from the center of capital territory Abuja, when determining the sample, age, gender, qualification and occupation variables were taken into considerations and it has created an impartial distributions. A questionnaire consisting of 14 questions was set as data collection tool. The data obtained from the survey were analyzed by chi-square. Results: This research has reached the results of how individuals perceive global warming as a big problem. This perception is informed out of the devastating effect of global warming which is heightened due to information available on media platforms. But one striking observation glaring in the result is that respondents do not have enough consciousness about what causes global warming and how it affects their livelihood. Conclusion: The data indicates that the participants of the study are aware of global warming but they are not at sufficient level of knowledge for the possible effects and the prevention of global warming. Moreover, the information on individual’s level of awareness about global warming shows statistically momentous differences in terms of gender, age, qualification and occupation.

Aim: To compare the shear bond strength of sixth generation and eighth generation bonding agents to dentin. Materials and methods: Flat surface of dentin were exposed after reducing the enamel surfaces of forty human molar teeth and were divided into two groups(n=20), which were then bonded using Sixth-generation bonding agent, Prelude Dental Adhesive (Danville) and Seventh-generation bonding agent, Prelude One (Danville) which is a one bottle adhesive. Group I- Prelude Dental Adhesive system which is two bottle system (n=20) was applied as per manufacturer’s instructions. Group II - Prelude One which is a one bottle adhesive system (n=20) was also applied as per manufacturer’s instructions. Following this, composite cylinders were built up using a Teflon mould (3x2mm) on these prepared dentinal surfaces. Samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and tested for shear bond strength with universal testing machine. Shear force was applied perpendicular to the long axis of composite cylinder at adhesive-tooth interface until debonding occurred. The data obtained was tabulated and analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: There was a significant difference in the shear bond strength of both the adhesives tested (P < 0.05). The seventh-generation adhesives showed significantly higher shear bond strength to dentin compared to sixth-generation adhesives. Conclusion: Among self-etch systems, single-step bonding agents are superior to two-step systems.

Background: Zinc as a second trace element of human body plays an important role in numerous function. Abnormality in the metabolism of zinc in renal problem specially nephrotic syndrome is well documented. The Aim of Study: To study change in serum zinc concentration in children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Patients and method: A hospital based case control study that conducted at nephrology clinic at Al-Sadder and AL-Zahra teaching Hospitals in Al Najaf Al Ashraf included patients with nephrotic syndrom for period between 1st January 2013 to end of October 2013. A total of 60 pediatric patients with relapsing nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. They were divided in two groups, (30) patients group A (patients with infrequent relapsing) and (30) patients group B (patients with frequent relapsing). Control group consist of 32 healthy children. Serum zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectr.ophotometery. Results: Patients aged 2-14 years, boys were 40 and girls were 20. The mean age of patients was 7.5 years. The Mean serum zinc level in group B (frequent relapse) (58.45 µg/dl) that was significantly lower than that of group A (infrequent relapse) (61.58/dl )and control group( 89.64 µg/dl ) respectively. There was no significant difference between patients of both groups and control in the mean of serum zinc level and sex of patients. Conclusion: Hypozincemia can occur in chronic renal problem like nephrotic syndrome. The low level of serum zinc was mainly found in those with frequent relapses.

A study on establishing the role of RDW and NLCR as biomarkers for the early detection of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock and in prediction of outcome was conducted. A total of 85 subjects meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria and diagnosed with mild sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were selected. After a thorough clinical examination, blood sampling was done for all the subjects, within 3 hours of presenting the illness. The values of RDW and NLCR were studied on the day of admission, after 72 hours and after 7 days. Statistical studies were done by SPSS software and analyzed by unpaired t test, chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. After analysis, we found that in patients of severe sepsis and septic shock class, in survivor and non-survivor group, significant elevation of RDW and NLCR was found. The cut off values of RDW and NLCR in predicting the mortality in 95% confidential interval were calculated. There was a good correlation of SOFA score with NLCR and RDW in predicting the 28 days outcome. The study revealed that RDW and NLR can be used as potential markers for early detection of severe sepsis and septic shock and in predicting the outcome

Neonatal sepsis categorized as early and late onset. Early onset sepsis (EOS) occurs in the first 7 days of life with 85% occurs in the first 24 hours of life. Late onset sepsis (LOS) occurs after the first week of life and is mostly acquired from care giving environment. The study was performed to determine the incidence of pathogenic agents, risk factors and outcome of septicemia in neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in central teaching hospital for children in Baghdad governorate. A prospective study was done among 200 neonates with clinical suspicion of neonatal sepsis who were admitted in neonatal intensive care unit of central teaching hospital for children in Baghdad governorate during 4 months from 20th of August 2011 to 20th of December 2011. The causative agents have been isolated by blood culture in 15% of the neonates, late onset sepsis is more common (71%) than early onset sepsis (29%) and the predominant isolates in both early and late onset diseases were Gram negative bacteria (76.6%). E. coli was the commonest organism in early and late onset sepsis (23.3%), Klebsiella was the 2nd commonest organism specially in the late onset sepsis (20%). Overall death rate was (28%), in the early onset was (42.55%) and (25.17%) was in the late onset disease. Pseudomonas aeroginosa and proteus have the highest fatality (100%), while no death was recorded among pneumococcal sepsis, E. aerogenes and Listeria.

This paper discusses a theoretical perspective about Medical learners’ life-long learning. This is the extensional studies for the first-year undergraduate whose compulsory course in “Introduction to Clinical Medicine”. A theoretical model has been created for conceptual framework. Trajectory, occupation and self-beliefs as three core directions, effectiveness and periodic segmentations impact also has been considered. Additional hypotheses were developed about medical learners’ competence, professionalism, life-long learning self-beliefs. This paper concludes key considerations on implications for future scaling and piloting survey studies. Especially, the initial items pool constructions, literature review purpose activities. It gives a number of options for medical learners in high education system, not only in learning medical modules, but also in general life-long learning.

Background: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a leading problem and herbal based formulations have been in use recently for the same. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel herbal toothpaste-mouthwash (HioraK) combination with a Complete Care toothpaste-mouthwash (Hiora K) combination in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity in vivo. Methods: A total of 80 subjects (24 males and 56 females; aged 25–60 years) were randomly divided into two groups: Group A- Hiora K tooth paste and mouth wash (The Himalaya Drug Company Research and Development, Makali, Bangalore) and Group B – Complete Care tooth paste and mouthwash combination(Hi Ora K, The Himalaya Drug Company Research and Development, Makali, Bangalore). Sensitivity scores for tactile, air stimulus and cold water were recorded at baseline, 7, 14 and 28 days. Results: Group A was significantly better compared to the Group B at the end of 7days in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity but statistically similar by the end of 28 days. Conclusions: The novel herbal dentifriceand mouthwash combination can be recommended for treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

Objective: the hypothesis tested in the study was that strengthening health system, especially leadership and management skills of health teams, will result in an improvement of maternal and child health outcomes from 2015 to 2017. Methods: this is a before and after design study without control group in the health region of Agnéby-Tiassa-Mé. The evolution of the following indicators was assessed to evaluate the impact of the LDP program: the four and more antenatal care visit, the maternal mortality rate, the percentage of births attended by skilled health staff, sulfadoxine pyrimethamine two doses coverage, sulfadoxine pyrimethamine three doses coverage, Penta 3 coverage. Data were collected from district monthly reports, birth registers, and quarterly reports from the health region; then analyzed using Excel. Results: in general all the indicators have improved in 2017 except for the four and more antenatal care visit and Penta 3 coverage which knew a slight decrease in 2017 but still higher than 2015. Conclusion: leadership and management training is a key element of ingredient for in health system strengthening and outcomes improving in limited resources countries.

Cemento-ossifying fibromas are rare fibro-osseous benign neoplasms that are seen in the jaws. They are included in the group of mesodermal odontogenic tumors and commonly present as a progressively growing lesion that might attain great size with resultant deformity, if not treated. Cemento-OF (COF) is a benign neoplasm that arises from the periodontal membrane which contains multipotential cells that are capable of forming cementum, lamellar bone and fibrous tissue. These tumors occur in the third and fourth decades of life, with predilection for women, predominantly occurring in the premolar/molar region of the mandible. A case of cemento-ossifying fibroma involving the right side of mandible is described in a 38 year-old male patient, with description of clinical, radiographic, and histologic features.