October 2014

Hotelling T-square control chart is an extension of univariateshewhart control chart where two or more related quality variables can be monitored simultaneously. Univariateshewhart control chart provides a good approach for monitoring quality variables separately, but most often in industry, some degree of correlation due exist between quality variables and which makes the so-called univariateshewhart chart in-appropriate for monitoring quality in production processes. However, when the quality variables are correlated then the most suitable approach for multivariate process monitoring is the Hotelling T-square control chart. In this research, a multivariate data at the early stage of production consisting of individual observations obtained from Dana Steel Company Ltd katsina is analyzed for quality, and the result of the retrospective analysis shows that at the initial stage of production the data is in statistical control.

In most of the process industries, the processes are highly non-linear and dynamic. Design of Multivariable control system is of great demand in the process industries. Systems with more than one actuating control input and more than one sensor output are considered as multivariable systems or Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) systems. These systems are one in which interactions are not negligible. This paper describes a multivariable process with the mathematical modeling of a laboratory process, the quadruple conical tank system using which the nonlinearities and uncertainties in industrial process can be analyzed. Here the mathematical modeling is done using the First principle. Here steady state analysis and linearization of the quadruple tank system in both minimum and non minimum phase is obtained (Process Control Modeling, Design, and Simulation by B.Wayne Bequette, Chapter 14; Modern Control Engineering, Fourth Edition by Katsuhiko Ogata; Anna Joseph and Samson Isaac 2013).

Traditional wired attendance systems or paper based attendance system a automated wireless fingerprint attendance system based on ZigBee technology is proposed. The system includes independent fingerprint acquisition module and attendance management module in computer. System realizes various functions such as information acquisition of fingerprint, processing, wireless transmission, fingerprint matching, and attendance management. Automatically considering topology of ZigBee network, the system uses wireless local area network. System comprises various wireless fingerprint attendance functions, which could be used for public/private institutes or schools.

The molecular interactions between HSA and Testosterone have been successfully investigated. The absorption, distribution and metabolism of many molecules can be altered based on their affinity to HSA. HSA is often increases the apparent solubility of hydrophobic ligands in plasma and modulate their delivery to cells. In this study, the interaction between Testosterone and HSA has been investigated using UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry and FT-IR spectroscopy; binding constant and the effects on the protein secondary structure have been confirmed. From UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry which showed an increase in the absorption intensity with increasing the molecular ratios of testosterone to HSA, it is found that the value of the binding constant of testosterone to HSA, K equals 34.9×102 M-1. FT-IR spectroscopy in the mid infrared region with Fourier self deconvolution, second derivative, difference spectra, peak picking and curve fitting were used to determine the effect of Testosterone on the protein secondary structure in the amides I, II and III regions. From the FTIR absorbance spectra, it is found that the intensity of the absorption bands increased with increasing the molecular ratios of Testosterone, where from the deconvoluted and curve fitted spectra, it is found that the absorbance intensity for α- helices decreases relative to β- sheets; this decrease in intensity is related to the formation of H- bonding in the complex molecules.

One of the recent developments in E-learning is the introduction of wireless technology communications through Internet. Saudi Arabian education system is under stress to provide additional educational opportunities for increasing population and a desire to increase literacy rate. Internet offers a viable and cost effective alternative to formal classroom learning. All most all Saudi e-learning centre providing education with existing network connections through internet. This proposed research using WiMax technology, which maintains a high speed connection to an internet service provider. Also, this paper discusses the benefits and establishment of WiMax connectivity to e-learning centre. WiMAX has emerged as an exciting technology with promises to offer high throughput and improved quality of services, key requirements for video surveillance on public transport.

Adult human bone marrow (BM) is the major source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for cell-based therapies. This study focuses to identify, isolate and characterize the mesenchymal stem cells that are believed to be present in BM. In the present study, six samples of human bone-marrow were collected. The key attributes like isolation efficiency, cell yield, colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) frequency, phenotypic characteristics, and multi-lineage differentiation capacity were determined for the isolated MSCs from bone marrow specimens. It was observed that the bone marrow possessed a good number of nucleated cells and had a high yield of adherent cells. Moreover, the characteristics of BM-MSC, such as adherent capacity to surface of the T flask, fibroblastic-like morphology, colony forming unit and immunophenotype were observed. Further, when those MSCs were analyzed for their specific marker expression using flowcytometry, they were found to be positive for CD29, CD73, CD90, and CD105 and negative for CD34 and CD45 stem cell markers respectively. Apart from this, it was observed that those MSCs, when induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, they successfully differentiated into cardiomyocyte like cells with flat, wide, myotube like structure with sarcomeric organization, which were later confirmed to be cardiomyocytes by qRT-PCR. Thus, this study shows that MSCs were isolated from human bone-marrow and subsequently differentiated into cardiomyocytes with 100% success rate. And hence, this study suggests that human bone marrow is a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells that could be differentiated in to ccardiomyocytes and used for cell based therapies for treating various cardiovascular diseases.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops and a primary source of food for more than half of the world’s population. Rice is rich in carbohydrates and most of the Asian’s consumes rice in polished form. In developing countries of Asia, the prevalence of type II diabetes a major chronic disease is increasing enormously. Recent evidence from epidemiology and clinical studies reports that the adverse health is consequence of foods and diets rich in carbohydrates which are readily and extensively digested. Choice of carbohydrates, particularly those with low glycaemic index (GI) is able to assist in the management or prevention of type II diabetes. GI is a numerical measure of the extent to which carbohydrates in foods affect postprandial blood glucose levels. Strong correlations between amylose content and GI were observed in earlier studies (Fitzgerald et al., 2011), indicating that amylose is the major grain constituent that affects GI. Present investigation is carried out to identify rice genotypes having high amylose content. Amylose content of twenty five rice genotypes (9 Jagtial varieties, 6 pre-released cultures, three mega varieties, one Nellore variety, one private company variety and five hybrid rice parental lines) was estimated by following Juliano method at RRS, RARS, Jagtial during Kharif 2013. Among the all genotypes, four varieties (JGL3844 (25.9%), JGL17004 (25.7%), Swarna (26.6%) and NLR34449 (25.8%)) and one hybrid parental line (CMS23B (28.6%)) were recorded high amylose content. These high amylose lines will be having low GI. This study is helpful for providing information for nutritionists to identify and quantify the impact of low GI rice in blood sugar level and also allow rice consumers to select low GI value rice varieties like JGL3844, JGL17004, Swarna and NLR34449. Growing and labeling of these varieties will help farmers to get more price for their produce.

The survey consisted of collecting information using a questionnaire. Sampling covered 442 farmers of which 42 were sampled in the department of Boundiali, 150 in Ferkessédougou, 58 in Gbon, 52 in Karakoro, 50 in Kasséré, 40 in Korhogo and 50 in Tioro. The study revealed that 99 % farmers are male. Only, 1 % of them have attended school of general education. Agriculture is the main activity in 87 % of cases. Four main types of cattle are owned; N’Dama, Baoulé, zebu, Méré. Méré cattle are in extension in the study area; these cattle are owned by 46.5 % of farmer. In 85 % of cases, respondents practiced crossbreeding mixing local breeds with sahelian zebu cattle. All the farmers estimated that the natural pastures used for animal feed are not good. Moreover, Problems related to feed (34 %), animal driving (11.5 %) conflicts (24 %) and animal diseases (28.5 %) have been underlined by farmers as major constraints they faced in their activities. However, 41 % of respondents felt that the incomes obtained from the sale of live animals are important.

Shoes are known to be direct contributing factor for foot ills. Approximately for two third of life of an individual, the feet are housed in footwear. Studies have shown that shoes are a contributing factor to the foot ills like corns and callus. Because footwear and fit are importantly involved in healthy foot growth in children, it is essential to devote special attention to the effects of footwear on foot especially during the early years of life when the feet are soft and moldable. The paper analyses the secondary research on development of feet among toddlers, function of footwear and the importance of shoes for healthy feet development. It also deliberates on different viewpoints of various researchers on bare feet versus shod condition being good for toddlers. The study compares foot size of toddlers to the inner lengths of footwear been worn by a sample of 20 urban Indian toddlers and the effect of wrong footwear on gait of toddlers. Scientific gait experiments using pressure plate scanners of 4 toddlers and video recording of gait of 10 toddlers, in shod and unshod condition, confirm that footwear affects the natural gait of toddlers. The researchers are able to study the impact of footwear on gait of toddlers and argue upon the detrimental effects of footwear.

Background: Mobile money has seen a rapid growth with dramatic increase in customer subscriptions. Launched in Kenya in the year 2007, the total subscriptions by the year 2012 reached 18.4 million subscribers according to Communications Commission of Kenya report (2011/2012). Services offered through the mobile money platform presents business transactional opportunities that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) can adopt since their needs are not always well served by conventional banking system. Objectives: The objectives of this study are; to establish the current awareness amongst SMEs of various mobile money services, the range of mobile money services preferred, how use of mobile money has impacted on business and how they have dealt with challenges resulting from use of mobile money. Methods: A cross-sectional study majorly explorative in nature was conducted in Naivasha Municipality town. A five-Likert scale questionnaire tool was administered. Probability sampling method was used and the sample size was 113 respondents. Results: Total of 113 business owners in Naivasha town were interviewed, most of whom were female respondents (67%). 16% of the businesses surveyed, were partnerships but majority of the businesses were sole proprietorships topping the list at 85%. 99% of the respondents had perfect information on most mobile money transactions. A significant 90% and 73% respectively asserted that mobile money was very important for sending money and receiving money respectively but was less important in other mobile money transactions in relation to business activities in Naivasha town. For those using mobile money services for specific mobile money related business transactions, 95% rated those services as important to the business. Mobile money service transactional cost was rated as expensive, but business owners confirmed that those services positively the contributed to their business growth. There was a positive correlation between SME performance and Efficiency and Reliability with a correlation of 0.435 Conclusions: The study found that mobile money had made a significant contribution to the SME sector since majority of the traders relied on it as opposed to the formal banking sector for their day to day transactions. Secondly, it was evident that all the respondents in this study have deep understanding of how the basic functions of mobile money.

Higher education institutions especially minority educational institutions are charged with formation of human capital through teaching, building knowledge base through research and knowledge development, and dissemination and use of knowledge by interacting with the knowledge users. Higher education is becoming increasing competitive in terms of students, staff and resource. Because of the increasing demand for access to it by the masses, it has shifted the service of elite that it was, to service open to the masses. Quality is an issue that cannot be avoided in education at present and what institutions do to ascertain quality turn out to be most important and effective of all efforts and initiatives. This paper is mainly focused on a SWOC analysis of Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Tirupattur of Vellore district in Tamil Nadu.

The purpose of this paper was to examine low income classes attitudes towards sustainability. The study was justified by the importance of the theme sustainability, by the growth of the low-income segment and finally due to the shortage of scholarly work focused on low income conscious consumer. After reviewing the literature a quantitative study (survey) was conducted. A convenience sample of 410 individuals was selected considering socio-economic classification, belonging to the classes CD and residents in the city of Sao Paulo. A structured questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics. Results indicated that conscious consumption is still low for this segment and there is a gap between the declared intention and the actual behavior towards conscious consumption. Thus both Brazilian enterprises and the government need to invest in educational initiatives.

The study focused on the importance of language proficiency in the learning of science and technology with attention given to the review of research studies on language proficiency and students’ academic performance in science and technology within the context of the debate on the choice of language of instruction in schools. This study employed a descriptive survey type. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient and Descriptive Statistics were statistical tools used. Pro-forma was used to collect students’ examination scores of one hundred and ninety-six students in English Language, Yoruba Language, Basic Science, and Basic Introductory Technology in selected Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. It was discovered that good language academic footings could be a template for good academic performance in Basic Science and Basic Introductory Technology. Recommendations were put to the fore based on the findings of the research.

Liberalism as a universal thought, after the collapse of the East Front, gained its former power as a dominant idea on the global market. It is natural that a universal idea influences the local ideas worldwide. This article hypothesizes the impact of liberalism on religious intellectuals after the 1980s, covering the first decade after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, in a case study of the ideas of Abdolkarim Soroush. However, due to the breadth of content on liberalism and religious intellectualism movement which includes many authors and the numerous works of Soroush, in this paper the concept of "freedom" in liberalism is used a way that after presenting the totality of religious intellectualism in Iran, and the totality of the ideas odSoroush, the compatibility of the meaning of freedom in liberalism and his thought is only examined in terms of being right or wrong. Therefore, the research question is to what extent is the concept of freedom in liberalism is in line with the meaning of freedom used by Soroush in his works? In this study, an analytical method is chosen so that case compatibility in research is examined more clearly. The data collection instrument is of documentation-library type.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of different scientific training on physiological variables such as Maximum Oxygen Consumption (Vo2 max) and resting pulse rate of working middle aged women. To achieve the purpose of the study ninety middle aged women were chosen at random from Vethathri Maharishi Trust in Sirumugai. Their age ranged from thirty five to fifty years. They were randomly divided into three equal groups of thirty each; Group I underwent asanas with pranayama practice and group II underwent asanas, pranayama with core training and group III acted as control group. The control group maintained their daily routine activities and no special training was given to them. Training was performed six days per week for 12 weeks. Selected physiological variables such as Maximum Oxygen Consumption (Vo2 max) and resting pulse rate were assessed before and after the 12 weeks of training by astrand nomogram and heart rate monitor respectively. The collected data were statistically analyzed with‘t’ test to find out the significant improvement between pre and post test of each variable. Analysis of co-variance was applied to find out the significant differences, if any among the group. A significant level of p=<0.05 was considered statistically significant for this analysis. Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out the paired mean significance difference. The result revealed that the twelve weeks of asanas with pranayama practice and asanas, pranayama with core training significantly improved the vo2 max and reduced the resting pulse rate of middle aged women. Asanas pranayama with core training group significantly produced better results than asanas with pranayama practice.

Socio-economic development is a very important domain in recent lifestyle in India. The majority of the peoples were not receiving pure drinking water and enough food. The water and sanitation condition becoming the worst day by day. The government and Non-Government organizations (NGO) were running number of programs to overcome of the water crisis in Maharashtra, but rapid urbanisation brings along several challenges related to water quality issues and sanitation. However, the lives of poor people were becoming serious concern for government in case of health, education, employment, etc. The aim of present paper is to study the district level status of household amenities in Maharashtra. The secondary data of District Level Household Survey- 3 (DLHS) 2007-08 has been used for the present paper. The study reveals that in Maharashtra only 27.5 percent of the households having pucca houses. Further analysis shows that less than 20 percent of the households having pucca houses in the districts namely Nandurbar, Gadchiroli, Washim, Hingoli and Beed. In case of drinking water state as whole 82 percent of the household having drinking water facility. Only 47 percent of the household having toilet facility in Maharashtra and the district level analysis shows that Gadchiroli 12 percent Beed 16 percent Nandurbar 20 percent of the household having toilet facility. Overall in all the indicators more than ten districts were performing very low -level of excellence. So there is needed to design very strong program and proper implementation policy to improve household amenities in Maharashtra.

Accounting researchers in the last three decades have come to realise the importance of viewing accounting in the wider context in which it operates. The aim of the paper is to challenge the change in economic conditions in Egypt as the sole driving force behind the shift from Uniform Accounting System to the introduction of Egyptian Accounting Standards. This study is adopting ideas derived from Michel Foucault in explaining the localized power forces and reveal the discourse that may have contributed to the application of accounting standards in the Egyptian environment. It is going to highlights how the mechanism of the change occurred in part of the changing relation between state and civil society. The accounting profession as expertise revive after they were deprived from their responsibilities. The professional bodies in Egypt are not mature enough as their counterparts in US and UK but we cannot compare them to their counterparts as it is a different context. We should compare their role during the introduction of both systems to get a better view of the change. Accounting as knowledge lost its direct link to the state during the introduction of Egyptian Accounting Standards.

Background: The roles of physicians in oral healthcare delivery are very important due to the unequal distribution of the low oral health manpower as well as the lack of awareness of patients concerning the treatment of oral health problems by dentists Material and Method: The present study was undertaken to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of dental awareness among medical practitioners in Davangere, Karnataka, India. The present study is Cross-sectional survey conducted among the medical practitioner. India. 250 medical practitioners from 4 different zones (75 from each zone) were randomly selected for the present study. The data pertaining to their knowledge, attitude and practice about oral health was gathered using a self administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics Results: Majority of the medical doctors were aware that there existed a relation between oral health and general health and were not aware that, Caries is infectious and transmissible from mother to child. Screening and referral by healthcare professionals may benefit their patients by improving access to dental care. Therefore, there is a need to educate doctors about oral health and general health.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms as secondary metabolite. Biosurfactants are microbially produced surface active agents and occur in nature as chemical entities such as glycolipids, phospholipids and lipopeptides. These molecules have attracted considerable scientific attention due to lower toxicity, higher biodegradability. The present study deals with the production and partial purification and characterization of a biosurfactant by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The properties of biosurfactant that was separated by acetone precipitation. The identification of the ability of pseudomonas fluorescens to produce biosurfactants and evaluation their antimicrobial potential are the aim of this work.

Aims and objective: The present study was aimed to see the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on lead induced general and behavioral profile in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: 32 Male wistar Rats (weight 180±20 g) were acclimatized for 1 week prior to experimental use and after that divided into four groups of 8 rats each. Group 1 served as control, treated with distilled water, p.o., daily for 90 days, Group 2 treated with lead acetate (3mg/kg body weight, p.o., daily for 90 days), Group 3 treated with omega-3 fatty acid (300mg/kg body weight, p.o., daily for 90 days) along with lead acetate (3mg/kg body weight, p.o., daily for 90 days). However, Group 4 treated with Vitamin E (100mg/ kg body weight, p.o., daily for 90 days) as standard drug along with lead acetate (3mg/kg body weight, p.o., daily for 90 days) . A set of five rats randomly selected from each treatment group was observed general and behavioral studies 24 h after the last dose of treatment. A base line body weight, food, water and lead intake was recorded after that general and behavioral studies were performed Statistical analysis: The data was expressed as the mean±S.E. and was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), involving Newman-Keuls test for post-hoc comparisons. The level of significance was accepted at p<0.05. Results: The results of the effect of administration of omega-3 fatty acid on lead induced general and behavioral profile in rats were seen. The body weight was significantly reduced in Pb-exposed group as compared to the other groups. In the experimental period, food intake, water intake and lead intake was significantly decreased in the Pb-exposed group as compared to the control groups and we observed that general and behavioral profile were not significant among the groups. The results obtained were compared with vitamin-E (100mg/kgb.wt.), the standard drug as antioxidant. Conclusion: Our data suggested that omega-3 fatty acid significantly decreased the adverse effects of lead exposure on male wistar rats.

Peppermint oil and hypertonic sugar solution has antifungal effect against candida pecies. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vaginal suppositories composed of peppermint oil and sugar at fixed ratio of 1: 2 respectively on signs and symptoms of Vulvo-vaginal Candidiasis (VVC) among pregnant women. The subjects and methods of this study included a convenience sample of 60 pregnant women attending Ante-natal clinics, Tanta University, 30 were study group and 30 were control group. Three tools were used for data collection: Structured interview sheet, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Clinical diagnosis sheet. Results: The present study revealed that there was significant improvement regarding the symptoms and clinical signs of the present VVC and the total mean score of pain intensity in group I, compared to that in group II . Using peppermint oil and sucrose at a fixed ratio of 1: 2 and at concentration of 5 % and 10 % respectively was found to be effective anti- candidiasis. At minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), cell growth was completely terminated and clear zones of inhibition were observed on agar plates. This study concluded and recommended that vaginal suppositories composed of peppermint oil and sugar is an effective antifungal agent which can be used for treatment of vulvo-vaginal candidasis during pregnancy without causing side effects. Further studies are needed to support the present study results regarding the effectiveness of the study suppositories on the other types of vaginal infection

Background: in the recent years, there is emergence and dissemination of E. coli strains resistance to broad-spectrum of antimicrobial agents. Resistance in bacteria is largely due to the genetic exchange of resistance genes, and this exchange are due to genes called integrons. Objectives: the aim of this study were to assess the presence of class 1 integrons in drug resistance E. coli in the study area, and to analyze the association between the gene and MDR in bacteria. Methods: One hundred and eighty of E. coli isolates from different clinical samples , 72 from wounds, 62 from urine, 35 from stool, and 11 from blood, were included in this study, isolates were collected and selected from Jazan general hospital laboratories, Jazan K.S.A. The susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Class 1 integrons was detected by PCR. Results: Class 1 integrons was detected in 98 out of 180 of isolates with frequency 54.4%, while the frequency of negative class 1 integrons was 45.6%. MDR was found in 77%, and the association between the presence of an integrons and multidrug resistance was significant (p<0.05), with frequency 98.9%. Integron 1 gene was present among different isolates sample sources, with majority in isolates from urine sample. Conclusion: most of resistant E. coli are carrying class 1 integrons, which were of crucial importance for the occurrence and transmission of multidrug resistance, and the proportions of drug resistance in class 1 intigron positive strains were higher than in those not carrying integrons.

We report a food-borne outbreak of diarrhoeal illness caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with consumption of Hindu Puja offerings, a completely vegetarian food. In the month of August 2014, stool samples from five hospitalised patients, was sent to us at Calcutta School Of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata in Cary-Blair transport media from CMOH office of District Hospital, Nandigram, Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal for Bacteriological examination. All the five cases were hospitalised with chief complaint of acute onset of pain abdomen, loose motion and vomiting, associated with fever, developing 24 hours after consumption of Puja offerings. Among 5 samples, 4 were positive for Vibrio parahemolyticus. All the 4 samples showed Kanagawa phenomenon in Wagatsuma agar. Of the 4 positive samples, 3 strains were 04:K8 serovar and 1 was O10:K60. An exhaustive study on serotyping Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the article, “A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing scheme for Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from fifteen countries” by Hin-chung Wong and his co-authors mention many serotypes but O10:K60 has not been found by them. Hence this is a new serotype causing diarrhoea. All strains were PCR positive for tdh but were negative for trh gene.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto immune disorder associated with chronic inflammatory, destructive, and deforming symmetrical Polyarthritis associated with symmetrical involvement of joints. Aim: The present study evaluates anti-arthritic efficacy of herbo-mineral formulation pooneeru diravagam (PD) in animal models. Materials and Methods: The anti-arthritic activity of Pooneeru diravagam (in doses of 0.2 ml/kg and 0.4 ml/kg of body wt.) Was evaluated using the Freund's complete adjuvant in to the sub plantar region of the left hind paw. Prednisolone (10mg/kg, p.o) were used as standard drug and administered as CMC suspension by oral route. This study includes examination of the paws thickness measurement, paw volume, paw withdrawal latency and Histopathological analysis. Negative control animal receives saline 1ml on day of immunization with adjuvant. The drug treatments were administered from the day of adjuvant injection (0 day), 30 minutes before adjuvant injection and continued till 14th day. Disease severity was evaluated by the measurement of hind paw volumes on day 0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14th day. The joint diameters of left hind paw were measured using a Vernier caliper on the above mentioned testing days after induction of arthritis. Results: The marked reduction of the arthritis score by Pooneeru Diravagam as observed in our study indicates a possible immuno modulatory effect. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in mean paw edema level of treated group compare to control. Significantly inhibit the progression of the arthritis in animal models. Conclusion: The present study reveals that the Pooneeru diravagam (PD) is a promising drug in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.

A 35 year old man was admitted to the emergency department with a fast ventricular rate atrial fibrillation after an electrical shock. Successful pharmacological cardioversion was achieved after 16 hours of amiodarone infusion and patient was discharged on oral cardorone. Serum cardiac specific markers were all within normal limits. Acute onset atrial fibrillation after electrical injury is discussed.

Introduction: The most common cause of male infertility is varicocele that is treatable. Clinical examination of scrotum is the main technique diagnosing for it, which is subject to great inter and intra-observer variation. We tried to evaluate intra-observer variation of physical examination in diagnosing of varicocele. Methods: This study was performed among 113 men who had varicoceles and were reexamined and graded by an urologist. Data were analyzed by SPSS and p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 33.4 years. In initial physical examination; in 91(80.53%) of patients, varicocele was in left side and in 22(19.46%) of patients had bilateral varicocele. In second examination, changes in grade of varicocele were seen in 19 of 113 patients (16.81%). In 10 patients (52.63%), the grade was decreased and in 9 patients (47.36 %) the grade increased. Conclusion: Uniformity of physical examination methods in varicocele diagnosing is needed to reduce intra- observer variation.

Tow Field experiments was conducted at two locations (AL-Muthanna and Thi-Qar province). The first experiment to evaluate the performance of nine promising genotypes of durum wheat (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9) and the local genotype (Behooth 7) called (D10). The second experiment to evaluate the performance of seven promising genotypes of soft wheat (W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, W7) and compare them with three local ge notypes (Abu Ghraib, Furat and IBA 99). Randomized complete block design with three replications was used in this experiments. The result of first experiment showed that D7 and D5 gave the highest plant height, in addition D7 gave the highest leaf area, spike number /m2 and dry weight/ m2. D10 genotype gave the highest tiller number/ plant and grain numbers/ spike. While D4 gave the highest 100 grain. D3, D4 and D6 gave highest grain yield compare to anther promising genotypes and local cultivar (Behooth 7). in AL-Muthanna location which reached 4.04, 4.05 and 4.04 ton/ h respectively, while D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 and D8 gave highest grain yield compare to anther promising genotypes and local cultivar (Behooth 7) in Thi-Qar location which reached 4.03, 4.05, 403, 4.06, 4.03 and 4.00 ton/ h respectively. The result of second experiment showed that W4 genotype recorded highest grain yield compare to anther promising genotypes and local cultivars (Abu Ghraib, Furat and Ipa 99) for both Al-Muthanna and Thi-Qar locations in which reached (7.39 and 7.55 ton/ h) for two locations respectively, while the results showed that the superiority of Furat cultivar giving the highest height plant, spike length and number of spikes / m2. Thi-Qar location gave the highest averages for plant height, number of spikes/ m2, weight of 100 tablets and dry weight/ m2. Moreover, genotypes in Thi-Qar location gave the highest averages for trails than AL-Muthanna location for tow experiments (durum and soft wheat).

The international law represents a radiation of the states of the international society, states that are situated in a permanent interdependence, just because of the relationships which are created between them. The existence of a distinct branch of law- the environmental law-is also imposed by the relatively unitary nature of the social action regarding the protection of the natural factors or those created through human activities of the environment. Given the characteristics of the object which is subject to the regulation being represented by the relationships between man, by the society and his environment respectively, the environmental law has a ”horizontal” nature, within the meaning that it covers different classical legal branches: the private, public and international law represents a law of interactions, tending to enter all the sectors of the legal system in order to introduce eco-friendly dimension. The legal approach and the solving of the environmental protection was made up not so long ago in the traditional forms of the international regulations. Usually, the path to regulating was and still remains the state ”of conflict” between states in the form of the state’s right to use exclusively its territory and to authorise the activities which could cause damage to the environment of other states, especially those neighbouring, in the accordance with the law of each state to respect its territory and the environment, being protected from any external damage. Cetainly, more than in any other area, regarding the environment there is a viable principle, according to which ” to prevent is more effective than to repair”. There were recorded notable advancements, in this regard, especially at the level of the customary principles, in the form of the prenotification of the state exposed to possible damages of its environmental, the consultation, the application of the national, international and communitary legislation without discrimination in all the activities, which might be detrimental, irrespective of the place where the consequences are produced, the equal access of the residents and nonresidets to the procedures for such activities, the quick notification of the foreign state of any sudden event, which can affect the basic environment.

Till date most acceptable method of estimation of dissolved oxygen in water sample is Winklar’s method (APHA-2005). The method of calculation of data is followed by the formula V1x N x E x 1000/ V4 (V2- V3/V2). Where, V1= Quantity of the sample water. V1 = Quantity of sodium thiosulphate used in titration. N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (N/80). V4 = Quantity of sample taken for titration. V3 = Quantity of alkaline iodite and manganese sulphate. E = Equivalent weight of O2. This formula can not explain a clear picture related to the chemical reaction takes place within the reagents used in this methodology. Therefore, an attempt has been made towards chemical deduction of data, available during estimation.

The term Cystatin (Thiol Proteinaseinhibitor) refers to proteins that specifically inhibit the activity of papain like lysosomal cysteine proteinases. They serve a protective function and regulate the activities of endogenous proteinases, which if not regulated may cause uncontrolled proteolysis and damage to cells and tissues. They are non covalent tight binding proteins which are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. Dopamine abbreviated as "DA” is an amino acid neurotransmitter; it is a chemical substance which is able to transmit a nerve message across a synapse. It is obtained through the normal diet and also synthesized in the brain. The enzyme monoamine Oxidase helps in maintaining the level of dopamine, an increase or decrease in dopamine level leads to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease respectively. Cystatin interacts with dopamine decreasing the level of dopamine in the brain and this might be a factor in Parkinson’s disease. In the present study when (1µM) of cystatin was treated with increasing concentration of dopamine , it showed decrease in fluorescence intensity with 20 nM of blue shift which is indicative of binding and changes in native structure of protein upon complexation. Binding investigation in this work, gives significant information about the conformational changes in cystatin due to interaction with dopamine; such studies may be used as a tool for drug designing and it might shed some light on the mechanism of action of dopamine as well as its side effect.

Endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide had been in global use as a part of pest management strategy. Its exposure has resulted in multifaceted damage to various organs including brain. Hence, there is an urgent need to seek out certain herbal, biochemical and pharmaceutical formulations with an innate potential to curb toxicities induced by endosulfan. In the present study, an effort has been made to elucidate the protective effects of antioxidants viz., trans- resveratrol, alpha- lipoic acid and vitamin E against endosulfan induced neurotoxicity in olfactory lobe of the brain of Swiss albino mice on the basis of altered histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The experimental protocol constituted of ten batches, consisting of six mice each. First group served as the control where mice were administered only vehicle (olive oil). The second group were administered only endosulfan (2.45 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days) while the third, fifth, seventh and ninth experimental groups were administered only resveratrol (5 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days), alpha- lipoic acid (20 mg/kg body weight day for 15 days), only vitamin E (50 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 days) solitary and in combination. The fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth experimental groups were administered antioxidants in solitary and combination form one hour prior to endosulfan administration. As compared to the control group, it was observed that exposure of endosulfan at a dose of 2.45 mg/kg body weight/day distinctly altered the distribution pattern of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase neurotransmitter enzymes, thereby delineating its toxic effects on the mice brain. The only antioxidants treated groups i.e. group III, V, VII and VIII, showed an enzymatic distribution profile similar to that of control group. In other antioxidant plus endosulfan treated groups i.e. group IV,VI,VII,X it was observed that endosulfan induced AChE, BChE inhibition in different layers of olfactory lobe involved in mapping of odour and receiving information from axons of olfactory receptor nucleus were ameliorated and brought back to normal. Hence, this study clearly delineates toxic effects of endosulfan on the olfactory lobe of mice which were ameliorated on administration of antioxidants.

In order to determine the effect of air pollution on protein content of pollen, two species of Cassia viz. C. siamia L. and C. fistula L were studie from industrial area of Nagpur (MIDC, Hingna). Civil lines area was considered as control area. Pollen proteins were extracted, and analyzed by SDS PAGE method. Total protein content of pollen extracts was measured by method of Lowry et. al. (1951). Our investigations revealed noticeable differences in protein contents. According to observations more bands for protein were obtained for samples from control area as compared to samples from polluted area. Variations in protein contents were correlated with industrial pollution.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious disease ranking next to upper respiratory tract infection is the cause of morbidity and mortality in human. They are mostly caused by bacteria. 50-80% women experience UTI at least once or twice in their lives. Enteric pathogens (e.g. E.coli.) are most commonly responsible, it is well established that for UTI, but Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp. are also responsible grams positive organisms including Enterococcus sp. Staphylococci and Streptococci have also been found to cause severe infections in human being. Therefore, studying and identifying bacterial pathogens causing UTI through biochemical test is the highest priorty.

At a molecular level, plants are rather leaky. They are perpetually sloughing off cells, leaking moisture, nutrients, carbohydrates and other compounds. Because the plant roots provide food, shelter and energy, areas of very high biological diversity are found directly on roots and the areas next to them. This area is collectively called the rhizosphere. The role of rhizobia, mycorrhizae, biological control organisms, and the whole of the soil food web in maintaining soil quality for crop production have been reported by various researchers. However, rhizobia and mycorrhizae are just a small portion of the total biodiversity in the soil. Although our knowledge has increased, we remain woefully ignorant about soil biology. There is a group of soil bacteria known as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize plant roots and benefit plants by providing growth promotion. Inoculations of crop plants with certain strains of PGPR at an early stage of development improve biomass production through direct effects on root and shoot growth. Inoculation of agricultural crops with PGPR may result in multiple effects on early-season plant growth, as seen in the enhancement of seedling germination, plant vigor, plant height, shoot weight, and nutrient content of shoot tissues. PGPR are reported to influence the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by an array of mechanisms. There has been much research interest in PGPR and there is now an increasing number of PGPR being commercialized for various crops. Several reviews have discussed specific aspects of growth promotion by PGPR. In this review, we have discussed various bacteria which act as PGPR, mechanisms and the desirable properties exhibited by them.