March 2023

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) constitutes a large burden on society because of its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. One common cause of organic ED is diabetes. In diabetes, prevalence of ED lies between 35% to 85% depending on the study whereas in normal population ED prevalence is around 26%. Serum testosterone level and penile blood flow closely related to each other as well as to ED. Material and methods: It was a hospital-based cross –sectional study. Patients were divided into 4 categories according to International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaire : mild ED - score 17 to 21, mild-to-moderate ED - score 12 to 16, moderate ED - score 8 to 11 and severe ED - score 1 to 7. The presence of ED and its severity was correlated with age, duration of diabetes, lipid profile, glycemic status, complications, body mass index (BMI), Serum testosterone level, penile blood flow etc. Results: Prevalence of ED in male diabetes patients was found to be 69.28%. 17 had mild ED (17.6%), 27 had mild-to-moderate (27.8%), 24 had moderate ED (24.7%) and 29 had severe ED (29.9%) among 97 cases with ED. Prevalence of ED was found to be proportional to age. Most cases were associated with long-standing diabetes (>10 years) in ED group. ED was correlated with complications of diabetes like nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy but the correlation was not statistically significant. Statistically significant correlation of ED was found with FBS, PPBS & HbA1C. Significant correlation of ED was found with serum testosterone level and penile blood flow. Statistically significant correlation was also found between serum testosterone level and penile blood flow. Conclusion: ED prevalence among the diabetes patients increased with age and duration of the diabetes. Glycemic status was significantly associated with development of ED. Penile blood flow was significantly lesser in ED group. Serum testosterone level was below normal limits in most of ED patients. In patients with decreased serum testosterone level, penile blood flow was also decreased.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve systems, as well as their connections to the human muscle, are sophisticated and complex from a physiological standpoint. Special management considerations are necessary for patients with neurological conditions. These include therapeutic techniques, pre and post treatment requirements. Dental patients with neurological problems may experience anomalies with the cranial nerves, sensory loss in the face, facial paralysis, and illnesses like epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and myasthenia gravis. Strategies for treating patients with some of these diseases are laid out in this article.

Periodontal and cardiovascular diseases are both major health issues. Poor oral health has long been associated with the development of systemic diseases. Through the years, the association of periodontal disease and the development of cardiovascular disease has been brought to attention. Many studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, suggest an important association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Among the proposed mechanisms of this relationship, systemic inflammation appears to play a major role. Evidence suggests that periodontal inflammation triggers a systemic inflammatory state that appears to promote atheroma plaque development and progression. There are other studies that show a clear relationship between periodontal disease severity, elevations of inflammatory markers, and the presence of atherosclerosis. Here, we give a review of the available evidence supporting this association, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Understanding systemic disorders and their oral symptoms has shown to be beneficial in improving patient outcomes. Dental and medical practitioners may enhance patient outcomes and general health by working together to identify, diagnose, and manage systemic disorders at an earlier stage once the connection between the two is understood. My research endeavors focus on the many common and complicated instances of systemic disorders that have developed distinctive oral manifestations in recent years. The research looks into Sjogren's Syndrome, Lupus, Diabetes, Celiac Disease, Behçet's Disease, Oral Lichen Planus and Crohn's Disease. This research relies heavily on information from reliable medical sources that cover the conditions discussed. In addition to textual descriptions, the study provides helpful graphical and statistical portrayals of the various medical conditions. I also looked at ways of preventing the infections in the first place, as well as treatments for the systemic diseases they may cause. This study contributes to the reader's understanding of the clinical significance of the relationship between systemic disorders and their oral manifestations, a subject that has generated a number of studies in recent years. Any statistical claims made have been backed up by reputable sources that have been verified by experts in the medical field.

Background: This systematic review investigates the economic evidence associated with road prevention strategies in reducing serious injury and preventing road-related mortality. The aim of this systematic review is to develop recommendations for a cost-effective intervention to prevent traffic accidents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methodology: The study was based on a review of existing studies,(between 2008 to 2018) published and grey literature from electronic databases. The retrieved articles were selected for eligibility using inclusion and exclusion criteria and appraised for quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool. The data was extracted from the included studies using Joanna Briggs Institute qualitative appraisal and review instrument, and the data analysed using narrative synthesis approach. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Data synthesis indicated that the enforcement of the legislation on speed limits, drink driving, seatbelt use, and motorcycle helmet use leads to enhanced cost-effectiveness as shown by the varying degree of the averted Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The adoption of the road accident prevention interventions that combine multiple strategies was however noted to result in the highest cost-effectiveness. Discussion: Although the use of speed limit interventions is associated with increased averted DALY’s, the observed high implementation cost that is associated with the use of mobile cameras calls for caution when choosing this intervention. The need to achieve high cost-effectiveness calls for limited use of sobriety checkpoints and increased use of mass media campaigns in the implementation of traffic rules relating to the drink driving. The combined synergies obtained from the use of multiple strategies result in high cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: Tailoring road accident prevention interventions that combine multiple strategies to the KSA context can result in enhanced cost-effectiveness. However, there is a need for more country-based research to determine the observed cost-effectiveness in the KSA context.

Background: An electrocardiogram, termed as ECG, is a very simple and common test, used to determine the healthy condition of an individual. Various studies have reported the beneficial effect of physical exercise, yoga separately on standard limb leads, but there is a lack of study found on various standard limbs leads (I, II &III), augmented unipolar limb leads and chest leads in healthy subjects following integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT). Hence, the present study aims to evaluate a short term effect with IAYT on standard limb leads (II)using vectors in both young and old aged male subjects residing in rural area. Materials & methods: Forty subjects with varying age group in between 35 to 50 years were recruited and divided into two groups (A & B) or control(C) groups was considered from pre IAYT. Study group received IAYT programmed for six week. BMI was calculated, Height was taken and body weight was measured. ECG was taken using BPL ECG recorder (Cardiart 8108T).Baseline and post- test assessments were taken before and after the intervention. PC based cardiovascular analyzer was used for recording pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial stiffness index (ASI). Result: Significant difference was noted on heart rate, R-R interval, arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity in study groups both A &B when compared with control group (Pre- IAYT). No significant reduction was observed on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, body weight, height & BMI in study group when compared with control. Other waves of chest leads and augmented unipolar limb leads were unchanged. Conclusion: Result of this study suggest that the IAYT is not more effective in reducing blood pressure changes in study group aged in between 35 to 50 years male subjects (group-A&B) but more effective with the durations of different waves of standard limb leads (II) and heart rate suggesting parasympathetic dominance.

Brinjal or eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important Solanaceous crop of sub tropics and tropics. The name brinjal is popular in Indian subcontinents and is derived from Arabic and Sanskrit whereas the name eggplant has been derived from the shape of the fruit of some varieties, which are white and resemble in shape to chicken eggs. There are several names by which the crop is known in India, but brinjal is the most familiar. Brinjal is also called 'eggplant' or 'aubergine'. The name eggplant is believed to derive from Gerard's description of early forms with small, white fruit resembling eggs. In early years, eggplant was also termed 'Male insana' and the 'Italian Melazana', both of which translate to "made apple". The brinjal is of much importance in the warm areas of Far East, being grown extensively in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and the Philippines. Names in Indian languages are Baingan (Hindi), Begun (Bengali), Ringna (Gujarathi), Badane (Kannada), Waangum (Kashmiri), Vange (Marathi), Bengena (Assamese), Baigan (Oriya), Vashuthana (Malayalam), Kathiri (Tamil), Vankaya (Telugu) and Peethabhala (Sanskrit). It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn or bitter apple, S. incanum, probably with two independent domestications: one in South Asia, and one in East Asia. It was suggested that the brinjal originatd in Africa. But there is no evidence that S. melongena is native there though there are spiny African brinjal plants. Eggplant is widely used in its native India, for example in sambar (a tamarind lentil stew), dalma (a dal preparation with vegetables, native to Odisha), chutney, curry, and achaar (a pickled dish). Owing to its versatile nature and wide use in both everyday and festive Indian food, it is often described as the "king of vegetables". Roasted, skinned, mashed, mixed with onions, tomatoes, and spices, and then slow cooked gives the South Asian dish baingan bharta or gojju, similar to salată de vinete in Romania. Another version of the dish, begun-pora (eggplant charred or burnt), is very popular in Bangladesh and the east Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal where the pulp of the vegetable is mixed with raw chopped shallot, green chilies, salt, fresh coriander, and mustard oil. Sometimes fried tomatoes and deep-fried potatoes are also added, creating a dish called begun bhorta. In a dish from Maharashtra called bharli vangi, small brinjals are stuffed with ground coconut, peanuts, onions, tamarind, jaggery and masala spices, and then cooked in oil. Maharashtra and the adjacent state of Karnataka also have an eggplant-based vegetarian pilaf called 'vangi bhat'. Brinjal fruits are commonly considered as vegetables. They are cooked in various ways such as baking, barbecuing, frying or pickling. They can also be pureed, flavoured, and used as a dip or chutney as in Mediterranean and Indian cuisines. In Indian cuisine, they are used in curries and even made into soufflés. The cut fruits are typically soaked in cold salted water before cooking to avoid discoloration and to remove its mild bitterness. Brinjal is widely consumed as vegetable for its various health benefits. It is highly fibrous, contains antioxidants, potassium, Vitamin B-6 and phyto-nutrients like flavonoids which help in preventing cancer and heart disease. It also helps in weight loss with its low calories. It is good booster for brain and also helps in maintaining good health by lowering cholesterol in our body. The major brinjal producing states in India are Orissa, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the states of Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal, it is harvested all year round. Out of all states, in 2013-14, West Bengal stands to be the highest brinjal producing state with 23% of total production. In this review article origin, distribution, taxonomy, botanical description, genetic diversity and breeding, uses, nutritional value, health benefits of brinjal are discussed.

Vaginitis is the inflammation of the vagina characterized with symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with foul smell, itching vulva and lower abdominal pain. The common types of vaginal infections are vaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis . In Ayurveda, female genitalia diseases are explained mainly under the heading of “yoni vyapat”. Yoni vyapats are mainly characterized with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge with foul smell such as in slaishmiki, paittiki, paripluta, upapluta yonivyapad etc. Methods: This is a single case study of a 29 years female patient, came with complaints of vaginal discharge with foul smell, itching vulva associated with backache. So yoniprakshala was done with panchvalkal kwath for 7 days. Discussion: Yoniprakshalan was carried out with panchvalkal kwath twice a day for 7 days. Patient got gradual improvement in subsiding the symptoms and cure after 1 week. So she adviced for follow up after 1 week and also adviced to maintain local hygiene. Result: Patient showed the remarkable improvement in severity of symptoms. Conclusion: The dravya of Pancha valkal kawatha is kapha shamaka, stambhaka and having the properties (guna-karma) such as astringent (kashaya rasatmka), antiseptic (roganu-nasaka)) and wound healing (vrana ropana). Because of these properties it helps in increasing local cell immunity and prevent recurrence of symptoms.

Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and human development index. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are major causes of ill health and socio-economic problems, and portray a major development barrier in most developing countries. Meru County government loses 816 million KES each year due to poor sanitation, with pit latrine coverage of 60%. Diarrhoea and related illnesses account for 16% of deaths among the children below 5 years and stand second to pneumonia in Meru County. This study sought to assess the motivational determinants influencing sanitation practices in rural settlements of Tigania East Sub- County, in Meru County. A descriptive study design was used with a sample size of 150 households calculated using Fisher’s formula. Cluster sampling technique was used in categorizing Tigania East Sub-County into its respective wards and simple random sampling technique employed in selection of households from the clusters. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative, while qualitative data was presented thematically. Findings revealed that 70% of the respondents were not satisfied with using sanitation facilities in poor states. Absence of safety, privacy, poor design of the superstructure, inaccessibility of toilets, and cultural beliefs encouraged poor sanitation practices such as open defecation. Some of the residents believed that children faeces are safe and was disposed in the garden, bush and composite pit. This was influenced by behaviour of the people within the community due to lack of knowledge on effects on sanitation practices. The study recommends the need to address motivational determinants as they influence sanitation practices in rural areas through training to the residents. The study also recommends government collaboration with sanitation-related bodies coupled with health promotion activities by Public Health Officers to support the construction of improved toilets in the study area.

Nidra is considered as one of the basic pillars of Health. Proper sleep helps an individual keep Energetic, Enthusiastic and does Brumhana, increases the Bala, vigour and vitality and keeps the Mind in stable state for gaining knowledge. The Ojus which is responsible for our body (immune system) also relies on sleep. Hence, Nidra is very important regimen of day to day life. Anidra or Nidranasha is one of the most prevalent health complaints, with approximately 10 to 15% of the general population suffering regularly from it and about 25 to 35% presenting transient or occasional insomnia. Anidra is the perception or complaint of inadequate or poor quality of sleep. Estimates of insomnia prevalence have varied widely, from 10–40%. The reasons could be difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep or waking too early in the morning. The prevalence of Insomnia increases steadily with age and reported by up to one in 3 people aged 65 years and above and the incidence in women is 1.3 times greater than in men. Chronic Insomnia can lead to severe fatigue, anxiety, depression and lack of concentration. It comes under Vata nanatmaja vikara. There is no direct reference regarding the causative factors of Nidranasha. Scattered reference can be seen about Anidra in Ayurvedic Classics in different contexts. However, detailed description of Nidra and Nidranasha along with the different treatment modalities is given in Ayurvedic Samhitas and also in the works of later periods.

La pluviométrie est un paramètre climatique très important dans le domaine agricole. Dans la plaine de la Tarka, la pluie est très instable et perturbe le fonc¬tionnement du calendrier agricole. La bonne distribution spatio-temporelle semble être compromise d’année en année. Cette instabilité pluviométrique est marquée par de fréquentes fluctuations qui perturbent le bon développement des cultures pluviales. Il s’agit notamment du démarrage tardif et l’arrêt précoce des pluies bouleversant ainsi les activités de productions agricoles et conduisant à l’adoption des stratégies d’adaptation. La présente étude a pour objectif d’analyser les risques climatiques dans le secteur agricole ainsi que les stratégies d’adaptation développées par les producteurs. La méthodologie s’appuie sur l’analyse de la variabilité climatique à travers la critique de relevés pluviométriques de Madaoua et Bouza, complétées par des enquêtes des perceptions sur les risques climatiques et les stratégies d’adaptation. Les résultats révèlent que la variabilité pluviométrique est réelle dans la Tarka et plusieurs stratégies sont mises en œuvre par les paysans pour renforcer leur resilience. Elles vont de la modification du calendrier et des pratiques agricoles, de l’irrigation à travers la mise en valeur des bas-fonds. L’étude a conclu aussi qu’une meilleure maîtrise des pratiques d’adaptation et l’accompagnement des exploitants sont de véritables palliatifs aux impacts des changements climatiques sur les activités agricoles dans la Tarka. Il est donc plus qu’utile d’appuyer les agriculteurs dans l’amélioration de ces stratégies pour une meilleure sécurisation de la production agricole.

A Morgagni hernia is an exceptionally rare type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. This only accounts for 2–5% of all hernias in the diaphragm. Morgagni hernia is asymptomatic and usually detected in childhood, however it can be rarely seen in adults with complication. A computed tomography scan aids in the diagnosis of Morgagni hernia. We have presented a case of Morgagni hernia caused by a road accident that was unusual and effectively treated surgically.

Primary congenital subcostal hernias are relatively uncommon type of hernia. We present a case of a female patient with a 12-inch-long primary congenital subcostal hernia extending from the right of the xiphisternum to the 10th costal cartilage, obliquely subcostal with a breadth of nearly 8 inches and a hemisphere shape. This case was successfully treated surgically.

Luffa is a genus of tropical and subtropical vines in the Cucurbitaceae family. It grows as a flowering annual vine. In everyday non-technical usage, the luffa, also spelled loofah, usually means the fruit of the two species L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula. Genus name was derived from the product “Loofah” used as bathing sponges, scrubber pads, doormats, pillows, mattresses, cleaning utensils. The plant name "Luffa" was introduced to Western botany nomenclature by the botanist Johann Vesling, who visited Egypt in the late 1620s and described the plant under cultivation with artificial irrigation in Egypt. In 1706 the botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort introduced the formal botany genus name "Luffa". In establishing the Luffa genus, Tournefort identified just one member species and called it "Luffa arabum". His 1706 article includes detailed drawings of this species (which is now called Luffa aegyptiaca). Origin of ridge gourd is not known. Smooth gourd may be a native of South Asia or Africa or Australia. The Luffa has essentially Old World origin in subtropical Asian region including particularly India. The origin of the Luffa (loofah) sponge is unknown as to where exactly it came from, but most scientists believe it originated in Asia or Africa and actual cultivation first started in India. Indo-Burma is reported to be the centre of diversity for sponge gourd. The young fruit is eaten as a vegetable and is commonly grown for that purpose in tropical Asia. Unlike the young fruit, the fully ripened fruit is strongly fibrous and inedible, and is used to make scrubbing bath sponges. The young shoots, flowers and leaves can be cooked, and the mature seeds can be roasted for consumption. An edible oil can be extracted from the seeds. The resulting oil meal can be fed to rabbits and catfish, or used as a fertilizer. Smooth luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca) produces pretty yellow flowers which are both showy and conspicuous, about 5-7.6 cm across with five petals. The fruits are green, up to 61 cm long and 7.6 cm in diameter; they are cylindrical and smooth, and shaped like a club, slighter wider on one end. Small fruits look like okra or little cucumbers. On older fruits, the outer skin eventually dries and turns brown and papery. Ridged loofah (Luffa acutangula), or "vine okra", is a similar species which has light yellow/white flowers and produces gourds that are ridged with ten angles. Vine okra is harder to peel for the sponge. The fruit section of L. aegyptiaca may be allowed to mature and used as a bath or kitchen sponge after being processed to remove everything except the network of xylem fibers. If the loofah is allowed to fully ripen and then dried on the vine, the flesh disappears leaving only the fibrous skeleton and seeds, which can be easily shaken out. In this review article origin, distribution, taxonomy, botanical description, genetic diversity, and breeding of Luffa spp. are discussed.

Background of the study: Chronic liver disease (CLD) represents a major public health problem worldwide. It is a progressive deterioration of liver functions for more than six months characterized by a process of inflammation, destruction, and regeneration of liver parenchyma, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The cultural–lifestyle transition that India is passing through currently with progressive adoption of a western diet and sedentary habits, create grounds for a spectrum of liver diseases in India. The expanding size of the population and an increasing life expectancy in the country are important demographic determinants of this change. Literature has documented that strenuous working environment and tight work schedules that the policemen face in their day to day job activities have contributed to an increased incidence of chronic diseases among them. Education is a key tool in the prevention and disease management, contributing to appropriate behavioural modifications. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of pedagogical program regarding prevention and management of chronic liver disease among police personnel. Methods: Study has used anevaluative approachwithPre experimental, one group pre test-post test design. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 100 police personnel for the study. Data was collected using structured knowledge questionnaire. Results: The results of the study revealed that majority of police personnel (53%) were having poor knowledge regarding prevention and management of chronic liver disease. Findings also revealed that pedagogical program on prevention and management of chronic liver disease was effective in enhancing the knowledge of police personnel as indicated by the “t” value which was statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance (‘t’=11.56:p<0.05). Statistically significant association was observed between the personal variables of police personnel viz. age, educational status, duration of working experience and dietary pattern with their level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of chronic liver disease. Conclusion: Pedagogical program was effective in increasing the knowledge of police personnel regarding prevention and management of chronic liver disease.

Azospirillum is the foremost common plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are generally associated with fibrous root containing plants viz., rice, wheat and Ragi. Azospirillum is a nitrogen fixing bacterium and secretes plant growth hormone like IAA, Gibberellin which helps in plant root growth. The performance of Azospirillum will be varying for different location due to its adaptability to the particular environment. In this experiment, the indigenous strains were isolated from rice. The isolates were purified, characterized, screened and massmultiplied on N free malic acid (Dobreiner, et.al, 1976). The screened isolates were subjected to pot culture condition. The effect of the isolates on plant root length, shoot length, dry weight, no of main and lateral roots were examined at 10, 20 and 30 DAS. Among the isolates isolate AI7 gave better performance towards root length (18 cm), shoot length ( 35 cm), root volume (0.19 cc), number of main root ( 16 ) and number of lateral root (15.64) and dry weight (0.64g/plant).

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a problem getting or keeping an erection hard enough for satisfactory sexual performance. The global prevalence of ED is 3–76.5%. ED constitutes a large burden on society given its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. Diabetes is a common cause of organic ED. The pathophysiology of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction is multifactorial. Prevalence of ED in diabetes rate range from 35 % to 85% depending on the study, versus 26% in general population. ED occurs 10-15 years earlier in men with diabetes than it does in sex-matched counterparts without diabetes. Material and methods: Study was conducted in male diabetic patients attending medical OPD and endocrinology OPD and those admitted in these wards of MB Hospital Udaipur from Jun 2021 to Jun 2022. It was a hospital based cross sectional study. ED was diagnosed by asking patients to complete International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaires. Then according to score patients were divided into 4 categories: Mild ED means score is between 17-21, mild to moderate ED if score is between 12-16, moderate ED if score is between 8-11 and severe ED if score is between 1-7. Now presence of ED and its severity was correlated with age, residence, duration of diabetes, glycemic status, lipid profile, complications, BMI, etc. Results: Prevalence of ED in male diabetic patients was found to be 67%. Among 100 cases with erectile dysfunction, 9 had mild ED (13.4%), 16 cases had mild to moderate (23.8%), 15 cases had moderate ED (22.3%) and 27 had severe ED (40.2%). Prevalence of ED was found to be proportional to age. Majority of cases in ED group are those with long standing diabetes. Correlation of ED with complication of diabetes like nephropathy and neuropathy was significant whereas not for retinopathy. Significant correlation was found between BMI and ED. Conclusion: ED prevalence was high among the diabetic men and it increased with age and duration of the disease. Presence of diabetic complications was significantly associated with ED. BMI was significantly associated with development of ED therefore lifestyle modification should be recommended to all patients.

Some Cough Syrups contain narcotics which include opium, morphine, heroin, chloroform, alcohol and cannabis, while others contain unacceptable amounts of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, whose ingredients proved having dangerous side effects if maladministered. Such ingredients suspectedly act on the Central Nervous System in different ways, and apart from interrupting pain signal transmissions, they also act on brainstem to supress the urge to cough which is not yet proven or known as to how exactly the mechanism works in the brain or body. Its widely used by parents as a sleep-inducing mechanism to their children coercively pressed me to critically investigate the misuse of cough syrups, since the nascent form of behaviour is of common practice by some parents where children are dosed with cough syrups to make them sleep. The purpose of the paper is to critically investigate the learning and behavioural problem as well as mismanagement of emotions and development of social skills due to the maladministration of cough syrups by care-givers who intentionally give children some dosages of cough syrups with an aim of inducing sleep instantly while the child is no longer prepared to sleep. The paper further try to observe the continuous impact of cough syrups as sleep-inducing mechanism in the child’s early cognitive development and the child’s achievement in class. Over-the-counter medication proved to be having significant side effect even if correctly administered, and since children metabolize medicine differently, this can cause some dangerous side effects even though correctly given. As a result of such overlapping ingredients, unmonitored consumption can accidentally overdosed even if correct dosage instructions were followed, which raised the question of negative and dangerous side effects through a child cognitive development. The study was viewed within the scope of attachment theory which concerned with the role of the primary carer in providing a child with a sense of safety as a secure base from which to thrive and flourish. The attachment theory has a deeper explanation in the way of the relationship between the primary carer (normally the mother) and the child in creating the structure and process of the child’s mind. The research paper has been viewed within the internments of the child-learning behaviour as its paradigm, focusing on the relationship between the participants in a way where a fair understanding of vital viewpoints should be created within child-rearing fundamentals. For data generation, the research design and methodology was adorned by narratives, discussions and observations in a purposeful sampled social engagements where critical participatory action research was used in a qualitative form of approach. The study is underpinned by critical discourse analysis since generated data sought to provide an extended inquiry into the (in)-human logic of deliberate, and ambiguous pinnacle where a child maximal potential might be suppressed through unconscious ideas that besmirch the child’s pedagogical intellect, defying the democratic fundamentals, and immersing in immoderate behavioural pattern in the child-rearing discourse.

Trauma is undeniably part of the quotidian life of modern as well as contemporary African American characters. This trauma is multifaceted and multigenerational. It is prevalent so much so, that some critics associate for better or for worse, the loss of identity to the African American characters. Drawing links with slavery on the one hand, many critics hold the view that what characterizes the identity of modern as well as contemporary African American characters is hyper vigilance, schizophrenia, ambivalence, a foreshortened sense of the future etc., which echo the biases, stereotypes and clichés people of African descent have always been subject to worldwide. The African roots of the African American characters is also used to question the American identity of the African American characters in exile in the U.S., which creates the rationale for this research paper. In this paper, I provide an answer to the issue of the identity as experienced by African American characters. To do so, I pose questions like, can a people without losing his own culture and identity, truly embrace a new culture under the hot irons and the whips of slavery, the mockeries of racism as well as the oppression of discrimination in a foreign land? Going deeper into the subconscious of the African American character in exile in a foreign land, and scrutinizing the unconscious behaviors of African American characters may help answer the question pertaining to the identity of modern as well as contemporary African American characters. Through the lenses of psychotherapist Joy DeGruy’s Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome theory (PTSS), I probe into the life of John Grimes, the hero of James Baldwin’s semi-autobiography Go Tell It on the Mountain (1954) in order to unravel the unconscious trauma which serves to build his American identity. At first, I deal with the theoretical framework, which is Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS), and then the historical background of African American characters before addressing the identity of John Grimes in Go Tell It on the Mountain.

Cet article rend compte des connaissances, représentations sociales et comportements des populations liés au lavage des mains. Une enquête qualitative par usage de guide d’entretien a été menée dans la période de décembre 2021 à octobre 2022. Les informations recueillies lors de cette enquête ont été traitées par l’analyse de contenu et interprétées à l’aide de la méthode compréhensive ainsi que la méthode de l’individualisme méthodologique et l’acteur stratégique. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que peu de gens connaissent les indications et les techniques d’hygiène des mains selon le type. Aussi, l’étude a montré que le lavage des mains n’est pas une attitude bien pratiquée par la population. L’adhésion du personnel soignant au lavage des mains est faible. Au total, les connaissances, les représentations sociales et les comportements des populations sont des facteurs défavorisants du taux d’observance de l’hygiène des mains.

A comprehensive survey of medicinal plants was conducted over a one-year period (2014-2015) in the Mahabubnagar district. During the survey, 31 medicinal plants belonging to 26 families were collected during their flowering and fruiting seasons. Out of these 31 plants, some were used for antiepileptic purposes, 4 for anti-rheumatic treatment, 2 for each of the following: abortifacients, antiasthmatic, antidiabetics, anti dysentery, anti sterility, boils, cough, jaundice, laxatives, leprosy, ophthalmic diseases, and piles, while only 1 was used for each of the following: anti-plague, cold, fever, restorative, carminative, tuberculosis, and urinary diseases. Additionally, four rare and endangered plant species and seven endemic plant species were collected and multiplied in PU MBNR through the ex-situ method. The purpose of this paper is to bring attention to the pressing need for domesticating useful plant species based on their significance, potential alternatives, and level of endangerment.

Leukoplakia is the most potentially malignant disorder. Genetic mutations often produce early phenotypic changes that may present as clinically apparent, recognizable lesions. The study was undertaken with a view to assess p53 mutation in oral leukoplakia, OSCC and risk of progression from pre-cancer to cancer. A total number of 15 OL and/or OSCC patient studied. Clinical diagnosis, histopathological analysis and sanger sequencing are done. Among them 6 SNPs were detected in 5 OSCC & 3 OL patients. Two TP53 somatic mutation detected in patient sample.

Today’s schools all over the globe are on a constant pressure to improve the quality of instructions and services that they provide. Marketing of their programs and activities has become a higher priority for them. To date, the literature on educational marketing has focused on how schools market and promote themselves in the community, how they maintain and enhance their image, and the factors affecting parents and there remains a paucity of research on principals’ patterns of involvement in the marketing and image-building of their schools, and on the potential impact of these new managerial activities on principals’ careers and well-being. Specifically, this study’s objectives were: (1) describe the lived experiences of principals as social media marketers of their schools; (2) identify the essence of the experiences of the principal marketers. This study employed the phenomenological approach to investigate the experiences of the principals as digital marketers. The setting of this study was in Hunan, China. The researcher originally selected 7 private upper secondary schools in the province and mainly utilized two research instruments: interview guide and observation guide. It was found that: (1) Principals recognize and commit to high accountability as social media marketers of their schools;(2) Principals devote themselves to highly engage in social media marketing of their schools;(3) Principals experience a lot of difficulties as social media marketers of their schools; (4) Principals provide programs and trainings in capacitating employees who support them in social media marketing of their schools; and (5) Principals develop their creativity and adaptability in social media marketing of their schools. Based on the summarized findings, the following are concluded: (1) the lived experiences of the principals as social media marketers generated fives themes: Responsibility, Immersion, Challenge, Entrustment, and Growth; and (2) the experiences of the Chinese school principals as primary school marketers highlighted their holistic journey towards their personal, professional, and leadership development, revealing the factors that propel them to take on the marketing duties, and the conflicts which paved the opportunity for growth. Culled from the conclusion, the researcher made the following recommendations: (1) the school principals may engage themselves in training and workshops that focus on technology and digital marketing; (2) the principals may hire a person who is assigned to digital marketing, so they may focus on supervising and monitoring leads and progress; (3) the roles of the school principals may be reviewed in light of the findings for the possibility of updating and revising their job descriptions; (4) Focus Group Meetings participated by the marketing group may be done on a weekly basis to cater to concerns, and to assess the effectiveness of social media marketing implementation; and (5) a follow-up research may be done to quantify the effect of the performance of marketing roles on the academic leadership of school principals.

The nutritional profile of minerals and antioxidants in Indian spice extracts was evaluated in order to examine their efficacy in treating various diseases, disorders, and allergies in human health. Medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum, regularly consumed as spice products in South Asia, have been studied using elemental analysis, antioxidant studies. The basil leaf was extracted by maceration process using methanol and ethylacetate. The methanol and ethylacetate extract were screened of phytochemical content including identification of flavonoid, alkaloid, polyphenols, glycosides, tannin, saponin etc. Estimation of total flavonoids, phenolic content was based on aluminium chloride method in the sample extract by spectrophotometrically. Phytochemical screening test showed that the presence of saponins, proteins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids in leaves parts when extracted with methanol and ethylacetate solvents. In this study, Ocimum basilicum, has phytochemicals properties in the leaves which are used in curing the ailments and higher flavonoid content indicated the natural antioxidant activity signifying their medicinal importance and potent source in pharma industries. We conclude that Ocimum basilicum, is a highly useful medicinal plant. However, there is necessary to explore natural plant sources with their medicinal value used in medical field.

Carnation is the most important cut flower in the international trade market and is highly perishable in nature and need to be treated and packed properly to improve their post harvest quality and vase life. Cut carnations are very sensitive to ethylene injury. In the existence of ethylene, cut carnation flowers have restriction for their fruitful marketing due to petal enrolling and discoloration. It leads to flower senescence and reduction in vase life. As carnations have ability to rehydrate after transportation, its flower quality during long distance transportation should be maintained. The experiment was conducted by wrapping the flowers with cellophane sheets, polyethylene, polypropylene, butter paper and corrugated thin sheets and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes during transport of flowers to long distant market. Among the wrapping materials compared, polyethylene sleeve of 100 gauge thickness was superior and it was associated with highest water uptake (15.38 g), water balance (8.78 g), fresh weight change (176.29 per cent), anthocyanin (1.352 mg/g) and carotenoid content (0.056 mg/g) and the lowest transpirational loss of water (10.26 g). This wrapping technique ensured minimum physical damage, physiological loss in weight (39.62 per cent), membrane integrity (80.64 per cent), peroxidase activity (0.023 units/g fresh weight) and extended the vase life to 15.67 days when compared to control the flowers remained fresh for 7.0 days only.

Nowadays Ayurvedic herbal formulations have gained acceptance and demand globally due to their safe consumption and minimal side effects. This has gained acceptance in the veterinary market in recent years. This rise in the use of herbal products has also given rise to various adulteration, so it become necessary to develop standardization protocols for safety, efficacy, and quality control. These protocols must have reliable, specific, and sensitive quality control methods. Phytolean™ Powder is a herbal formulation for lean meat production containing herbs like Curcuma longa and Trigonella foenum graecum, as prime ingredients. The present study was undertaken to develop standardization parameters for Phytolean™ Powder. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (RP-HPLC-PDA) was employed quantification of dominant biomarkers in this herbal formulation. The RP-HPLC-PDA Rt-value of Trigonelline 4.85 and Curcuminoids i.e., Curcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Demethoxycurcumin are 22.50±0.15, 24.43±0.03, and 27.15±0.05 minutes in the formulation and reference standards were found comparable under UV light at 265 nm and 420 nm respectively. The percentage of Trigonelline and Curcuminoids were 0.120±0.85 % and 0.220±0.92 % present in the Phytolean™ Powder formulation. Bioactive markers are characteristic of the ingredients or botanicals to identify the presence of ingredients in formulation easily. The quantification of biomarkers by HPLC is the best way to identify and evaluate the quality of the finished formulation in the course of the development of a standardization protocol for quality control of Ayurvedic formulation.

In this chapter have been briefly analyzed the impact of the Arya Samaj on the Condition of Women in Society. The Arya Samaj create a challenge to the process of Westernization, it was also deeply influenced by the ideology of the rulers, have been written about the efforts made by Arya Samaj in the Emancipation of Women. The period of later half of 19th century was an age of definition and redefinition