August 2020

Background:- Clear aligners have provided patients willing to undergo orthodontic treatment with a highly aesthetic and comfortable alternative to conventional braces and hence are gaining popularity especially among adults who wish to have their smile corrected. Clear aligner technology has evolved over the last 20 years and is continually being modified to achieve most predictable tooth movements possible. However, there is not enough clinical research available to describe the complete predictability of the appliance and hence the overall efficiency of outcome is controversial. Although clear aligner therapy is an aesthetic and comfortable treatment option, it has its limitations. This review highlights on the evolution of clear aligner technology and the changes it underwent till date to provide efficient tooth movements comparable to conventional fixed appliance. It discusses in detail on the ability of clear aligners to predictably achieve tooth movements like rotations, mesio-distal tipping, bodily movement, alignment, intrusion, extrusion and anterior bucco-lingual tip (root torque) posterior bucco-lingual tip (expansion). Simple tooth movement like tipping is fairly predictably achieved by clear aligner therapy, but complex movements require adequate treatment planning and use of additional auxiliaries like attachments, intra-oral elastics, inter-proximal reduction, power ridges, auxiliary anchorage devices and over correction in some tooth movements to improve their outcome. The inclusion of such additional aids can help provide a more stable, predictable and efficient outcome for patients and the scope for improvement in treatment outcomes is immense considering the constantly evolving appliance and innovative treatment strategies on the part of clinicians.

This article is discussing abuse of the authority in government implementation in Indonesia. This article examines two legal problems as follows: (1) The essence of preventing abuse of authority in government implementation; and (2) forms of abuse of authority prevention in government implementation. In general, the objectives of this research are to theoreticallycarry out study and to analyzes philosophical thinking, legal theory, and legal dogmaticson proper Laws and Regulationsin preventing abuse of authority in government implementation in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research, which departs from the empty norm, with statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. The legal material of this research originated from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials which are analyzed descriptively. The result of this research shows that: (1) The essence of preventing abuse of authority in government implementation is realizing a good and clean government; and (2) forms of abuse of authority prevention in government implementation are political and government ethics, government bureaucratic behavior, dissemination on the abuse of authority prevention, supervision by authorized institutions of government administrators and their behavior, awareness enhancement on the ideology of Pancasilafor government administrators, cooperation development with stakeholders (foundations, non-governmental organizations, community organizations, religious leaders, community leaders, and the press).

This paper has the objective to assess the indigenous cultural practices of child with disability rearing and handling practices of Gumuz society. The research was conducted in one of the traditional societies in which indigenous child rearing is highly observed that is the Gumuz community in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of Mundura Woreda. Both primary and secondary data were employed in this study. Qualitative method of semi-structured, participant observation, informal discussion and focused group discussions were utilized for primary data gathering. More over literature reviews, books, magazines and related researches were also used as secondary sources of data for the study. Eight kebeles’ from the Woreda were selected purposively and a total of 85 respondents participated in this study. Men and women farmers who have a child with disability, community elders, and Gumuz teachers were included. Findings of the study show that there are various cultural practices in Gumuz community of child with disability rearing and handling practice, discrimination of children with disabilities and their parents, segregation of children with disability during child playing, domestic violence (pinching, beating, and physical punishment) are the major cultural practices that put children with disabilities at a lower status in Gumuz community. Furthermore, lack of awareness about the importance of education for children with disabilities is also another factor that puts children with disabilities in a lesser rank.

Background: The process of gastrostomy has been used for long time for health purposes while the procedures been evolving according to the requirements and advancements of times. This research study is based on the comparison between Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and One-Step Gastrostomy regarding the infectious rate in hospitalized Children at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Our retrospective study of 132 Patients, at king Abdul-Aziz university hospital KAUH from 1st January 2002 to 31st December 2019 was approved by the Institutional ethical committee, File numbers were reviewed from Log Sheets in the endoscopy unit & hospital record archives. The inclusion criteria for the study were below 14 years of age, regardless of their diagnosis who had gastrostomy tube placement. And the exclusion criteria Patients who had done surgical gastrostomy. Results: According to the research study, the rate of infection was considerably low for the participants with the one-step Gastrostomy. The difference was around 10.62%. Conclusion: The research concludes that the One step Technique is better than the pull-through technique regarding infection rate, but further large study needed for solid conclusion.

Aim: To assess the psychological impact of early childhood caries in children. Method: Children between 4-6years of age were selected for study and were divided into Group A- sever early childhood caries and Group B- caries free. Face image scalewas used to evaluate the children’s perception of their own teeth in both the groups and children with the help of investigators were asked to fill the simple questionnaire, to evaluated psychological impact in children. Result: The children with severe early childhood caries felt sadder about their teeth compared to caries-free children. Severe early childhood carieschildren had toothache, ashamed of smiling, problem in eating certain food and a significant proportion of children had missed school due to pain/appointment, stopped playing with other children, teased by friends because of their teeth. Conclusion: Sever early childhood caries exhibited psychological impact in children. Psychological impacts on young children, suggested the need for intervention programs to address oral health problems among children.

Administration of medication is the most important nursing responsibility. The need for accuracy in preparing and giving medications to children is greater than that of adults. Since the paediatric dose is often relatively small in comparison with the adult dose, a slight mistake in the amount of administration of drug represents a greater error. Due to insufficient knowledge about dosage given to the children, it can create severe problems. So, the researchers felt a need to assess knowledge & practices of staff nurses regarding drug administration. To assess the knowledge and practices regarding drug administration among staff nurses working in paediatric unit. A descriptive research design was used and a sample of 60 staff nurses of paediatric unit of DMC & Hospital, Ludhiana were selected by convenience sampling technique. The structured knowledge questionnaire and checklist was used to assess the knowledge and practices regarding drug administration among staff nurses. Analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. More than half of the staff nurses i.e. 37(51.7%) had excellent level of knowledge, 24(40%) had good knowledge and only 5(08.3%) staff nurses had average knowledge regarding drug administration. All of the staff nurses (100%) had average practices regarding I/V drug administration. The correlation of knowledge and practices was found to be weak positive(r=0.36, p=0.004).The association of knowledge and practices of staff nurses regarding drug administration with selected socio-demographic variables was found to be statically non- significant. This study concluded that majority of staff nurses had an excellent knowledge regarding drug administration. The practices of staff nurses regarding drug administration were found to be average. The correlation of knowledge and practices was found to be weak positive.

Introduction: Insulin resistance is a feature of a number of clinical disorders, including T2D/glucose intolerance, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension clustering in the so-called metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle manifests itself primarily as a reduction in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis due to reduced glucose transport. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, U.P., India.. A total of 120 subjects of type 2 diabetes having an age group of 40-70 years were participated from urban and rural area of Muzaffarnagar District for determination of HOMA-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: We found urban subjects had significantly higher fasting Glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR values than rural subjects (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Environmental and lifestyle changes resulting from industrialization and migration to urban environment from rural settings may be responsible to a large extent, for this epidemic of insulin resistance in Indians.

The dreaded pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 is spreading rapidly. Though the cause was identified at a lightening pace, that it’s the new corona virus named SARS CoV2, our knowledge on this novel virus remains very limited. Tremendous infectivity of the virus, lack of desired antiviral, no vaccinations has made things challenging. As a result of which large human population dwells with asymptomatic corona infections. Along with medical responses, continual efforts in better understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease will aid in the optimal management of the growing pandemic.

Online buying platform in India is moderately to highly developed, especially in urban and semi-urban areas. It has been estimated, out of total retail sales in 2019; almost 5% is through online mode and it has also been estimated that retail e-commerce sales will touch 45 billion dollars figure in 2021 from 16 billion dollars in 2016, in India (Statista Research Department Publication, 17.12.2015). The report has also pointed out that size of India’s e-commerce industry will touch 188 billion dollars in 2025 from more than 50 billion dollars in 2017. These figures have easily pointed out the magnitude of acceptance of online buying mechanisms by the retail customers of the country. Though the penetration of e-commerce or online buying in India is low in comparison to other countries of Asia Pacific. It is mainly restricted to urban areas and semi-urban areas and among younger generation of the nation, unlike other countries of Europe, America and also to some extant South-East Asian countries. But undoubtedly it is a rising industrial sector of the country. The current global pandemic and resultant lockdown has some good impacts on this sector. On one side due to restrictions on free movement due to safety issues many e-commerce companies shut down or limited their service reach in various places and people are also started to avoid online buying due to safety and economic issues. Again, as physical movement of customers are not necessary in case of online buying and ensuring social distancing is need of the time, many people are going for online mediums to buy things. Based on the above facts it is clear that in the current scenario it is very much necessary to understand how much online buying habits of customers changes in context to current situational crisis. The researchers classified retail products that consumers are buying into three broad categories. The data has been collected through sample survey and Related-Samples Sign Test is being run by the researchers to identify the change in preferences. Apart from this descriptive statistics in respect to collected data has been provided. The results show completely mixed results for different categories of products and according to it the researchers provided the recommendations. Finally, the future research ideas in this area have been discussed in brief apart from mentioning research limitations.

La performance énergétique d’un bâtiment est considérablement influencée par les paramètres de l’enveloppe du bâtiment, sa toitureet ses configurations géométriques (la forme, l’orientation, les matériaux…). Cependant, déterminer les configurations optimales de forme et de l'enveloppe du bâtiment demeure un défi. Différentes méthodes ont été utilisées dans la littérature pour optimiser les paramètres de l'enveloppe du bâtiment, sa toiture et ses configurations pour atteindre une meilleure performance énergétique. L’objectif du présent travail est de réaliser une vue panoramique sur les méthodes d'optimisation utilisées dans la conception des bâtiments à haute efficacité énergétique. Ainsi, les potentiels et l'applicabilitéde ces méthodes sont identifiés. Les méthodes d'optimisation associées qui sont soit avec dérivée ou sans dérivée et leurs applications dans la conception de bâtiments éconergétiques sont considérées dans ce travail, ainsi que les approches de prise de décision relatives aux optimisations multi-objectifs. Certains outils d'optimisation couramment rencontrés (Matlab, GenOpt, BEOptTM, Opt-E-Plus…) sont également présentés.

The most important variables for measuring performance in soccer are physical condition, technical skills and tactical performance. Physically active people possess considerably less total body fat than their active contemporaries. Body composition and anthropometric measures are the important factors among other important variables, which influences the soccer playing ability. Proper soccer training for specific age group improves these qualities. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of 12 week soccer training on selected anthropometric measures and body fat % among three age group soccer player. Twenty district level male soccer players from each of the three age category of 14yrs., 17yrs. and 19yrs. were considered as the trainee of the study. Significant (p=.014) weight gain took place only in case of 19yrs. group. The pre and post-test value in case of weight (F = 74.32 and 88.10) and height (F = 42.55 and 42.29) signifies the differences among the three groups but in case of body fat % (F = 0.85 and 1.03) there were no significant differences. The critical differences of weight, height and Fat % in ANCOVA were 0.44, 0.01, 0.06 and the different adjusted post-test mean values clearly indicated the maximum changes in case of 19yrs. boys. The conclusion may be drawn that maximum development occurred in case of the 19yrs. group soccer players due to the proposed soccer training.

Triazoles can exists in two viz. 1,2,3- and 1,2,4- isomeric forms. The compounds with 1,2,4-triazole ring core have attracted the researchers all over the world due to their broad spectrum of synthetic and biological activities. There has been a significant interest in recent years in developing simple, clean, non-toxic, cost-effective and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis with or without metal catalysts, and the exploration of these molecules to wide range of biological potencies. In this review, we have summarized the recent developments in the synthesis and their medicinal potencies of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and the reports have been critically discussed.

The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of panel discussion on quality of care at hospital among 1styear B.Sc.(N) students in, CON, SVIMS, Tirupati. Objectives • To assess the level of knowledge on quality of care at hospital among 1st year B.Sc.(N) students. • To assess the effectiveness of panel discussion among1st year B.Sc.(N) students. • To find out the association between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables among1st year B.Sc. (N) students. Methodology: By using convenient sampling technique, a Pre-experimental research design was adopted, 100 B.Sc. (N) 1st year students were taken as samples. Data collection was done by using a self-structured questionnaire. Results: The study results revealed that out of 100 samples 92% (92) had inadequate knowledge, 8%(08) had moderate knowledge, and 0%(0) had adequate knowledge in their pre-test, whereas in post-test 8% (8) had inadequate, 53%(53) had moderate knowledge, and 39%(39) had adequate knowledge. Conclusion: As the technology has been increasing in has been nursing education; panel discussion is one of the best method of understanding the multi-dimensionality of a specific topic under discussion and the students be able to understand the scenario in a clear way which provides essential information, helps in developing critical thinking and also improves the presentation skills of the students. In the present study the result showed that, the panel discussion was effectively improved the knowledge of 1st year B.Sc. (N) students regarding quality of care.

Background: Despite big progresses in early management of trauma patients, traumas still represent an actual subject at international scale being the main cause of death for persons younger than 44 years. Polytrauma is the most unexplored and unsearched category of traumas. There is no international consensus according the most efficient scale, many of them returning different results in estimating the patient’s condition complications and patient’s mortality risk in case of trauma. The described situation makes us to search some solutions inclusively new factors with a higher predictive power in estimating the polytrauma patient’s outcomes. We supposed that such an instrument could be different protease/antiprotease system’s components. Objectives: The aim of this research was to estimate the predictive potential of proteases and antiproteases by polytrauma population survival rate modeling. Methods: In a prospective pilot study, 65 polytrauma patients admitted in acute period of trauma were analyzed. Plasma samples were collected at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after traumatic impact. We measured the values of two antiproteases concentration and enzymatic activity of six proteases. In order to identify the potential biomarkers for survival rate, we have compared proteases/antiproteases system components between survived and non-survived patients. The evidenced potential biomarkers were used for regression analysis modeling, discrimination, determination and calibration characteristics being estimated. In addition, the resampling procedure for model’s stability estimation was applied. Results: The comparative evaluation among evidenced molecular phenotypes in survived and non-survived patients allows to consider a seria of primary outcome potential biomarkers/predictors. The outcome modelling by regression analysis used these potential predictors. Finally, five parameters, especially α2M3, CDEA3, ARDS, α2M6, CHEA6, EEA3 and CGEA12, were the components (efficient variables) from models that predict the survival rate using their values at 3, 6 and 12 hours after the trauma, results being adjusted to age, gender and ARDS diagnosis. Conclusions: In our research, we estimated the predictive potential of different protease/antiprotease system’s components for polytrauma population. Using this data, three predictive models were obtained. Without any doubts, they can be used in clinical practice after validation and improvement by including more variables in equation. The identified survival prediction biomarkers could be used as base stones of potential therapeutic strategies

In this paper we have defined a new class of operators T on a Hilbert space H for which T +T* and T*T + T T*commute where T* stands for adjoint of T. This operator will be called quasi M normal

In the last two decades, the Nigerian banking industry had undergone some reforms and regulations with the main aim of making the industry more impactful to the growth and developmental goals of the economy. This had undoubtedly tampered with the structure of the nation's banking industries and perhaps negates some previous empirical findings on the structure and performance of the industry. Therefore, this study re-examined the structure, conduct, and performance paradigm in the Nigerian banking industry. The study employed secondary data from 2008 to 2017, which were obtained from the Nigerian stock exchange Annual report, Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, Fact Book and Annual report and accounts for commercial banks in Nigeria. To analyzed the data obtained co-integration and error correction econometric techniques was used. Our findings revealed that the market power hypothesis with the notion that a direct relationship exists between the market concentration and bank performance was not very true. The performances of banks are not necessarily determined by its structure nor its concentration. The results negate a priori expectations of increased market power that could have possibly come from the banks' cartel and a corresponding increase in the level of concentration which could, in turn; increase bank performance. Consequently, the financial industry regulator in Nigeria should focus less on competition among the banks but pay attention to internal practices among the operators within the system.

Background: The dynamic business environment in Saudi Arabia and the world at significant increases the volatility of the labour market. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia experiences high rates of unemployment among the youth. Objective: This study aims to explore ways of narrowing the gap between employers' expectations and accounting graduates' soft and technical skills. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among a group of 55 employers in the taxation, auditing, and accounting firms and 60 accounting graduates from higher learning institutions in Saudi Arabia. Results: This study showed that accounting graduates overrate their soft and technical skills. A significant gap is identified in employability with all soft skills, except for entrepreneurial skills. Besides, technical skills also have a considerable difference, except in auditing and taxation. Discussion: Accounting graduates’ professional qualifications after garnishing their studies do not meet the expected standards of their employers. Higher learning institutions should revise their courses to equip students with soft and technical skills that need the expectation of the labour market. Conclusions: Higher learning institutions should have a responsibility for the achievement of Saudi Vision 2030. They need to increase the employability of accounting students to reduce the high rate of youth unemployment in Saudi Arabia.

Polymeric materials have been gaining increasing importance over the past. This is due mainly to the flexibility in regulation of characteristics of polymers at our convenience. At times, these materials compete with numerous metals and alloys in critical sectors like aerospace and defence owing to their easy processibility and lighter in weight. However, these sectors do not involve polymers in their parent state rather as composite polymers and nanostructured polymers. Even though polymers suffer from the inferior strength and high temperature resistance, yet they are regarded to be the most sought after materials when the properties electrical resistivity, and good oxidation resistance are counted. However, some of the industrial applications call for good conductivity, easy manufacturability, and better recyclability. In these regards, conductive polymers have been synthesized of recent to serve the purpose to become front liners in meeting the requirements of industry sector. The current paper critically emphasizes the background, classification, applications and characterization of polymers. Later, detailed study on conductive polymers is done where in the mechanism of conduction, characterization, and fabrications of conductive polymers are discussed at length. Ultimately, appropriate conclusions are drawn basing the review conducted.

The present study aims to explore the water, sanitation and hygiene practices among ethnic communities in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. This study included all three districts, Rangamati, Khagrachhari and Bandarban of the area. From ten selected villages across all three districts 250 participants, 156 male and 94 female, were selected based on three criteria's, (i) their belonging to ethnic groups in hill tracts, (ii) permanent inhabitance in the hill tracts and (iii) their association with the ‘Jhum’ agriculture practice. Data were collected from the participants deploying both qualitative (key informant interview and transect walks) and quantitative (questionnaire survey) methods. The result illustrates that the ethnic people in the Chittagong Hill Tracts have limited access to safe drinking water, while their sanitation and hygiene practices were also deplorable. The data reveal that poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices have negative impacts not only on the ethnic people’s health as they often suffered from diverse health issues such as diarrhoea, scabies and dysentery but also on their socio-economic lives as they reported often losing income and forced to more expenditure for treatment. The data also show that the mean prevalences' of unhygienic practices among the ethnic people across all the districts were 54.30 per cent (Khagrachhari), 52.20 per cent (Bandarban) and 52.10 per cent (Rangamati), while the mean impacts of unhygienic practices on their health were respectively 44 per cent (Khagrachhari), 42.30 per cent (Rangamati) and 41.30 per cent (Bandarban).

Background: Anterior mandibular fractures are common entity in maxillofacial trauma with average incidence of 17%. The unique anatomy of mandible along with vector forces exerted by muscles separates the inferior border of mandible making these fractures problematic. Aim: To compare and evaluate use of 2.5mm stainless steel single lag screw with 2.5mm single miniplate (6-hole with gap) for non-communited anterior mandibular fractures Objective: 1. Evaluation of efficacy of lag screw as compared to miniplate, 2. Evaluation of intra-operative/post-operative complications, 3. Comparison of ease of placement of hardware, 4. Radiological evaluation of adequacy of fracture reduction Method: All patients were operated at an institute in Pune from 2012-2014. They were divided in two groups- Group S (2.5mm suitable length lag screw) and group P (2.5mm 6-hole with gap miniplate with 6 bicortical screws). Arch bar was spanned at upper border in both the groups. Standard pre-operative clinical and radiological evaluation-orthopantogram for supero-inferior and true occlusal for antero-posterior displacement was done. Post-operative assessment was done for correctness of implant position, adequacy of fracture reduction, and evidence of infection, relation of hardware to vital structures, occlusion, wound healing & vitality of teeth on 7th day, one month & 3 months interval. Results: Male predominance with mean age of 25 years was noted in sample group. Wound dehiscence of less than 3cms in two patients, infection in one patient were noticed in group P which were statistically insignificant. Mean time required for procedure in group S was 78.4min while in group P was 75.3 min. Inter-maxillary fixation post-surgery was required in two patients in group P. Seven patients in group S had reduction of fracture segment less than 0.5mm as compared to four in group P. Conclusion: Minimum difference was noted in time required for procedure and adequacy of reduction which were in favour of group S over group P.

The nutritional and antimicrobial activity of Guava seed collected from Mubi and Mararaba main market were investigated. The nutritional and antimicrobial activities were determined by standard methods, while the elemental composition by using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The result revealed that the proximate analysis: protein content, fat, fibre, ash content, moisture and carbohydrate were 7.845 %, 6.280 %, 15.415 %, 8.220 %, 9.250 % and 52.990 % respectively. The result of the mineral composition showed that potassium has the highest value with 3241.532 ± 0.012 mg / 100 g and Magnesium having the least value of 8.525 ± 0.005 mg / 100 g. Also Guava seed contains beta carotene, B1, B2, B3, B5 and vitamin C with 47.530 ± 0.010 µg / 100 g, 0.530 ± 0.010 mg / 100 g, 4.155 ± 0.005 mg /100 g, 0.625 ± 0.005 mg /100 g, 0.325 ± 0.005 mg /100 g and 514.355 ± 0.005 mg / 100 g values respectively. The result of the antibacterial activity against three clinical isolated organisms was Staphylococcus aureus (12.436 ±0.009 mm), Escherichia coli (17.536 ± 0.009 mm) and Sterptococcusfaecalis (4.560 ± 0.006 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Sterptococcusfaecalis, Candida Albicans and Aspergillus Niger were 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg / ml respectively. From the result, guava seed can be regarded as a good source of nutrients and also can be used in pharmaceutical industries.

The number of Covid-19 cases in the world and the United States. Virus risk group. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the new coronavirus Covid-19. The confirmed cases range from mild to severe, and Covid-19 of each severity is subdivided every day. Covid-19 affects our mental health. The method used to trace or track covid-19. Test for coronavirus. Finally, the Covid-19 vaccine showed promise in early research.

Aim: Study was done to assess the practices, knowledge, and attitude among middle schoolchildren aged 10–13 years toward oral health hygiene practice. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 school Students of age group between 10 -13 years were included in the study. A pre-structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of 10 questions were given to the school students to assess their knowledge and attitude towards Oral Hygiene practice. Results: A total of 200(100%) of all the Students brush their teeth once a day teeth, 110(55%) of the Students brush twice a day, 140(70 %) of students brush in horizontal direction, 103(51.5 %) of students brush in vertical direction and only 25(12.5%) of students used mouthwash along with tooth brushing. Among the school Students 170(85 %), 97(48.5 %), 60(30 %) and 50(25 %), were aware that improper oral hygiene would lead to Dental caries, plaque accumulation, halitosis and gum diseases. Majority of the students 180(90%) were aware that they need to visit a Dentist for the teeth related problems Conclusion: Findings confirmed that there is a positive awareness towards Oral Hygiene practice among Middle School Students, but barrier exist towards awareness of ill effects due to improper Oral hygiene.

Background: Disaster is an unfortunate event that occurs suddenly and cause death and injury of many people. Dealing with this situation and proper management after disaster is a very challenging task. This article gives an overall general overview about the procedure of managing a disaster especially focussing on identification of victims of disaster. The article describes about teams and their overall functions involved in management of disaster and also an overview about methods of disaster victim identification. Central Emergency Rescue unit is first to reach the situation and starts the rescue operations. Central Investigation Unit investigate the extent of disaster. Victim Identification Unit is focused towards identification of victims of disaster. ‘Command’ of victim identification unit takes all the decisions required and issues all the orders for actions. Management and communication staff is the collection point of information between Recovery, Evidence collection, and Disaster victim identification unit. Recovery and Evidence Collection Team recovers the dead bodies from the disaster site. AM Team collects ante mortem data from various sources for identification of victims. PM Team collects the data from deceased victims (dental, medical, forensic information). Disaster Investigation Unit investigate cause of disaster

This research is mainly focused on Solanum rugosum which is a well-known Solanaceae found in Côte d'Ivoire. The goal of the study was to investigate the chemical composition of the crude extract; total phenolic, flavonoid compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of S. rugosumfrom Côte d’Ivoire. It was found that Ca, K, P, Cl, S, Si, Pb, Na, Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Va, Se and Mg are the major minerals imbedded in the plant. The phytochemical screening using thin layer chromatography (TLC) carried out on the extracts of the leaves, stem bark and the roots bark has highlightedthe presence of various classes of secondary phytocompounds (coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, tannins and terpenes). The crude hydromethanolic extracts has shown a specific potential by reducing iron and trapping DPPH free radicalmainly in the leaves of S. rugosum. The extracts of the leaves showed a significant action against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC, Staphylococcus aureus 348C / 19 CNRa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC.

Clear and effective traffic signs are essential for the efficient operation of the road network, for the enforcement of traffic regulations and for road safety. In our country due to poor trend, after an accomplishment of road construction, traffic sign management is not given proper assessment and management. This paper aimed at assessing the traffic signs in Arada Sub-city as traffic signs play a great role in minimizing traffic accidents and traffic congestions making the traffic flow smooth. This sub-city was chosen in a purposive sampling technique because the sub-city is at the center of the city whereby it is the busiest business center with a high traffic flow. Four research questions were forwarded to be answered at the end of the study. The first one was to identify what type of traffic signs were installed in the sub-city while the second one was to check the condition of the existing traffic signs, and the third question checked the causes of failure for problematic traffic signs followed by the last question which asked what kind of remedial measure could be taken for the problems observed. The researcher used a descriptive survey study which was appropriate for this study. Observation, questionnaire and interview were used as data collection instruments. To make the assessment convenient, the sub-city was divided into nine sites and the traffic signs on the major roads of each site were observed; their type, height, age, legibility, visibility, condition were assessed. In addition, two sets of questionnaire were prepared for thirty traffic police officers and fifteen AATMA (Addis Ababa Traffic Management Agency) workers while two sets of interviews were prepared for the shift manager of Arada Sub-city Traffic Police Office and infrastructure asset management expert of AATMA. Then the data gathered through these instruments were analyzed. The result reveals that only few redundantly used type of signs dominated the sub-city; other types of traffic signs that are important are not used. There are not sufficient traffic signs in the sub-city. The posted signs do not have any standard and quality. The condition of most of the signs shows that most of them have several problems and need solutions; so some remedial measures were given for the problems. Finally in light of the research findings which show that there are several problems in relation to the traffic signs in Arada Sub-city the recommendations are made in order maintain a safe and secure highway environment.

Soil erosion has been recognized as a serious socio-economic problem in Ethiopia.. Roadside soil erosion of Adama-Asella highway is among the problems affected the traffic from the two zones to the country’s capital city, Addis Ababa. Studies concerning the alignment of the road versus natural runoff flow has not been studied. The objective of this study was to characterize runoff contributing watershed to the Adama-Asella roadside erosion and prioritize of its micro-watersheds for watershed management intervention. To identify runoff contributing watersheds and extraction of drainage lines, area encompassing the damaged road were delineated using DEM. By overlaying natural runoff flow lines of the watershed against the road alignment was evaluated in the GIS. To analysis morphology of the micro-watersheds, areal, linear and relief aspects were used. Using compound values of 4 linear parameters, 4 shape parameters and 1relief parameter, prioritization of four micro-watersheds (MW1, MW2, MW3 and MW4) connected to the road were done. The study identified that micro-watersheds MW3 is the highest priority micro-watershed while MW4 is the least priority micro-watershed. MW1 and MW2 are the second and third priority micro-watershed, respectively. Therefore, implementation of watershed management intervention per the identified priority micro-watershed is important.

Marine microorganism has required setting up opinion based on bioactive metabolites and approaches a unique possibility to both enhance the amount of aquatic natural foodstuffs in clinical trials as well as speed up their progress. This review focuses especially on those molecules originated from marine microorganism these days in the medical pipeline that have been expected or highly required to be identified based on growing casual confirmation .especially karlotoxin class compound isolated from din flagellate karlodinium veneficum offer chances to create new molecules for control of cancer and high serum cholesterol levels.

This study is geared towards the determination of the challenges facing principals in newly opened secondary schools in Ebonyi state of Nigeria. The study is a descriptive survey research work carried out in Ebonyi state, south eastern Nigeria. The study was guided by two research questions and one hypothesis, all derived from the purpose of the study and the literature. The population of the study comprises a total of 340 secondary schools. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 36 secondary schools which is about 10% of the entire population. An instrument titled ‘‘Challenges of Principals of Newly Opened Secondary School Scale ’’ (CPNOSSS) was used to generate data. The face and content validation of the instrument was carried out by the appropriate experts. A reliability index of 0.80 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha tools. Direct delivery method was used to administer the instrument. Frequency tables, means and standard deviations were used in answering the research questions, while Z-test was used to test the hypothesis. Based on the analysis of the data collected, the following findings were made to be the challenges: inadequate fund,shortage of qualified teacher ,challenges of low enrollment, problem of office space/classroom, inadequate library provision, insufficient desk/furniture provision, challenges of accreditation, security problem, problem of land space ,laboratory provision, challenges of registration, sanitary provision by the school and sourcing of instructional materials. Recommendations were made, which include among others, proper funding of the schools and leadership training programs for the principals.

CeO2 nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and TM analyzes that showed a size of about 10 ± 0.46 nm and a ployed shape. By Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was obtained the thermograme that releved the absence of cerium oxide sample peaks due to the high melting point 2400°C, the temperature range in which the sample was analyzed being between 35°C and 500°C. Two ypes of CeO2 dispersions were made, in ultra pure water (UPW) and solvent. The statistical indicators: average, coefficient of variation and standard deviation were calculated and they showed higher values in the case of dispersion with solvent then dispersion in UPW. The evolution study of the amount of CeO2 on the surface of knits depending on the treatment of resistance to acid/alkaline perspiration and washing releved for all fibrous mixtures, white or dyed, a decrease of max.5% of the amount of NP on the surface of the knits after the tests of acid, alkaline and washing perspiration. Statistical indicators of dimensions and distances distribution of CeO2 on the surface of knits depending on the nature of the oleophobic agent revealed the tendency to increase the average values of the agglomeration dimensions does not differ significantly from the oleophobic variant with Nuva N 2114 compared to the one with Rucostar EEE6 in all three categories of treatments: acid, alkaline and washing. The evolution of the statistical indicators of the distribution of the distances between CeO2 on the surface of oleophobic knitwear with Nuva N2114 or Rucostar EEE6 and functionalized with CeO2 in UPW dispersion shows that the average distance between CeO2 agglomerations is significantly more balanced acid/alkaline and washing, compared to the oleophobic variant with Nuva N 2114. The friction test leads to an increase in the size and distances between the nanoparticles.

The novel biologically active two mononuclear tetra coordinated copper (II) complexes were synthesised and formulated as [M(L)(L1) H2O].2H2O,where L=ligand and L1=1,10-phenantholine. the newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, UV-Visible, IR, mass spectra and magnetic property studies. The spectral studies have shown that the complexes are paramagnetic and tetrahedral structure. The metal complexes were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities show some complexes exhibit moderate activity.

“BIO MEDICAL WASTE” is any waste, which is generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings. This waste is also generated during research activities or in the production or testing of biological material. Today, there is increasing demand for the broader level of knowledge and skills to handle the waste from doctors, nurses, ward attendants, sweepers, laboratory technicians and all others working in the hospitals. For safe Bio medical waste management hospital workers should be familiar with the rules and regulations, practices of biomedical waste management. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling of healthcare waste may have serious health consequences and a significant impact on the environment as well. A quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design was selected to assess the knowledge and practices of ward attendants regarding biomedical waste management in G.G.S Medical Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab. Total enumerative sampling was done and all the 60 subjects were selected. A socio demographic sheet, a questionnaire and a self reporting checklist was selected. Ethical permission to conduct study was obtained from the concern institutional ethical committee. The results of the study revealed that the majority of ward attendants had average knowledge and had good practices. There is a positive relationship of knowledge and practices with demographic variables i.e. with age and educational qualification.

Objectives: This study is a record and representation of what efforts and modalities were used in delivering online Anatomy course to “Net generation / Millennials”. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of students towards e-learning during the lock down. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done with a questionnaire and survey sent to MBBS students of Dubai Medical College. Results: Students preferred real time lectures and recorded version of the same. Other teaching modalities are also preferred to an extent but most preferred are recorded and real time lectures. Conclusion: A blended or hybrid approach needs to be used in post Covid world. Students preferred e-teaching over face-to-face teaching during the lock down situation.

The use of ceramics has a long history. During the last 200 years, there have been many changes in the way of performing endodontic treatment. Bio ceramics are ceramic materials specially designed for its use in medicine and dentistry. Bio ceramic are inorganic metallic bio compatible materials. They are chemically stable, non-corrosive and interact well with organic tissue. Bio ceramics offers a new treatment options for improving prognosis in many operative and endodontic procedure. Bio ceramics are widely used in dentistry as restorative materials, root canal sealers, and obturation material, for perforation repair, retrograde filling and in regenerative endodontics. This review deals the properties and uses of bio ceramics in operative dentistry and endodontics.

The welfare economists have been confronted with the controversies of interpersonal comparisons or of value judgments for a long period of time. Following Pareto most of the conventional theory of welfare economics rested on the assumed value judgment that if one person was better off and no one was worse off welfare was increased. But without the knowledge of utility or welfare function none can be sure that satisfying those conditions is better than violating them. Moreover Paretian value judgment did not apply to a situation where some persons were benefited and some were harmed by some policy change. . Professor Amartya Kumar Sen in his article “Interpersonal Aggregation and Partial Comparability”, Econometrica 38, May1970, has made an attempt to provide a fairly rigorous presentation of a possible framework of interpersonal comparability. In this paper I have found out how far Prof. Sen’s partial comparability analysis suits our practical problem of evaluation of alternative social states in respect of social welfare. At the same time I have tried to point out unexplored part of the problems of measurement of social welfare and comparability. In course of my exploration I have kept it in my mind that both welfare and non-welfare information constitute the appropriate basis of social welfare evaluation.

This study was conducted to assess the overall status of harmful traditional practices against women and children in Yem special woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. It involved the use of cross-sectional research design with the purpose of exploring the issue in focus. Methods of data collection such as key-informant interview (KII), FGD and structured interview were used to gather data required to meet to objectives of the study. The data and discussions showed that HTPs that affect children, particularly ‘feeding butter to babies’ are found to be more prevalent as compared to other forms. This practice could have a number of health related impacts on babies. HTPs such as child/early marriage are nowadays becoming less prevalent as compared to the past times based our data and discussions implications. In the study, it was found that, FGM-a type of harmful practice that significantly affects girls/women in other parts of Ethiopia, is not a serious problem in the study area. Social interaction and cultural contacts with neighboring cultural communities may still leave a gap where FGM/C get chance to spread to parts of the study area though. Marriage by abduction is not common in the study area based on our systematic investigation. Still occasional acts of rape and other forms of violence against school girls are being witnessed. Polygamous marital arrangements are to some extent prevailing in the study area, especially, in more remote rural kebeles.

Background: One of the primary aims of anaesthesia is to alleviate the patients’ pain and agony, there by permitting the performance of surgical procedures without any discomfort. Any expertise acquired in this field should be extended into the postoperative period, the period of severe, intolerable pain requiring attention. It is well known that when pain is treated pre-emptively, the amount of drug required is considerably less than which would be required, if treatment is delayed until the pain becomes apparent. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Buprenorphine (90 μg) and Fentanyl(25 μg) for intraoperative analgesia and postoperative pain relief, when administered intrathecally along with local anaesthetic agent 0.5% Bupivacaine (heavy). Study the characteristics of sensory and motor blockade, quality of block, and any side effects produced by combination of both drugs. Methods: Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of 120 pts; ASA I and II; aged between 15 - 60 years. Ethical committee approval, applied inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients randomly divided in 3 groups of 40 each. Group A(control) Group B(Buprenorphine) and Group C( Fentanil). Postoperative pain evaluated by VAS. All figures in tables are expressed as mean ± SE. The results of data between the groups were analyzed statistically using unpaired t-test. A p<0.05 was considered significant and p<0.001 as highly significant. Results: All groups were comparable in relation to sex and age. The differences in mean pulse rate, mean respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and oxygen saturation between the groups before and after administration of drugs were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Onset of sensory and motor blockade was significantly rapid (p<0.05) in Fentanil group as compared to group A and B. None of the pts. had respiratory depression. Onset of sensory block was early in group C as compared to group A and B(1.26 ± 0.63, Vs 4.05±1.25 and 4.46±2.33 min) while time for two segment regression of sensory block was higher in group B(136.73±26.48 min) as compared to group A(115.5±11.62 min.) and group C(119.5±26.76 min.). The onset of motor block was early in group C(2.23± 1.47 min.) as compared to groups A(4.47 ± 2.23 min) and B(5.03± 2.58 min.). The mean duration of postoperative analgesia was higher in group B(10.34 ± 3.70 hrs) as compared to groups A(2.7 ± 0.78 hrs) and C(5.43 ± 1.31hrs). None of the patients in three groups had any statistically significant intra or postoperative side effects. Conclusion: From the observations of our study, it can be concluded that intrathecal administration of Buprenorphine and Fentanyl significantly enhances the onset of sensory analgesia. Doesn’t alter the characteristics of motor block. Prolongs the duration of sensory blockade. Provides excellent surgical anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia without any significant increase in side effects.

Adenomatoidodontogenic tumor (AOT) is a relatively rare, benign, hamartomatous, and cystic odontogenic neoplasm that was first described more than a century ago. The lesion still continues to intrigue experts with its varied histomorphology and controversies regarding its development. The present article describes threecases of AOT with an unusual locationin maxillary sinus and the other two cases associated with an impacted canine.The rarity of AOT, association of this lesion with regards to maxillary sinus in one of the cases, the exaggerated size at presentation, uneventful healing of the bony defect makes this cases unique.

Background: Blood or saliva is considered as a direct carrier of infection, whereas contaminated equipment's, surfaces and airway carry infection indirectly, and the transmission is mainly due to lack of hygiene standards, disinfection and sterilization procedures. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of dental impression disinfection among the graduates and undergraduates of Baqai dental college, Karachi. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the graduates and undergraduates of Baqai dental college, Karachi. The two-page anonymous questionnaire contained questions on personal information such as age, sex and level of education followed by multiple-choice questions to evaluate the knowledge and practice regarding disinfection of dental impressions sent to the laboratory. Data was recorded and analyzed in SPSS 20. Results: A greater number of the study participants practice disinfecting the impressions through liquid disinfectant spray (34.8%, n = 55) and sodium hypochlorite (34.2%, n=54) while rest of them disinfect impression through washing with soap and tap water (31%, n = 49). Half of the participants picked sodium hypochlorite as the most commonly used (47.5%, n = 75) chemical for disinfection of laboratory work surfaces. Conclusion: Lack of information about cross contamination protocol and its implementation results in the transfer of the blood-borne and saliva borne diseases to the technicians from patients which could have been easily be avoided by following the proper disinfectant protocol.