Evolving bureaucracies: a comparative analysis of digital transformation in the civil service systems of china and Vietnam

Digital transformation has become a critical pathway for enhancing public administration efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement in government services globally. This study conducts a comparative analysis of digital transformation initiatives in the civil service systems of China and Vietnam, with a focus on their strategic frameworks, technological adoptions, and implications for public service delivery. Both nations have undertaken significant digital reforms to improve administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement. China, under the "Digital China" initiative, emphasizes advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and blockchain to position itself as a global leader in digital governance. Conversely, Vietnam’s National Digital Transformation Program prioritizes accessibility and inclusivity, particularly in rural regions, aiming to bridge digital divides and promote equitable access to public services. The findings reveal shared challenges, including cybersecurity threats and infrastructural disparities, while highlighting unique obstacles—China’s need to balance regulatory measures with rapid technological advancement and Vietnam’s resource constraints and inter-agency coordination issues. The study demonstrates how digital transformation has positively impacted organizational efficiency and citizen satisfaction, with China leveraging AI for data-driven governance and Vietnam enhancing digital accessibility and literacy. These insights contribute to the understanding of context-specific factors influencing digital governance in varying socio-political landscapes. This analysis provides a foundation for policymakers to strategically integrate digital solutions within the public sector, with recommendations for future research on the ethical and long-term implications of emerging technologies in governance.