March 2015

Armoured tubes are used to facilitate kink free access to airway. We report a case of airway obstruction and difficult ventilation soon after intubation due to retained mucus/material in a reused armoured tube. Several cases of intraoperative obstruction and high airway pressures have been reported with armoured tubes. This article highlights the propensity of armoured tube inner wall for dissection and intraoperative obstruction with its reuse and suggests clinical and manufacturing measures to reduce the chances of obstruction.

Inguinal hernias are very common in surgical practice. They are broadly subdivided into indirect and direct hernias on the basis of their entry into the inguinal canal. While indirect hernia have narrow neck, direct hernia are broad necked, therefore incidence of obstruction and strangulation is rare in direct hernia. A rare complication of hernia is “Reduction en masse” which is reduction or migration of a hernial sac into the preperitoneal space. It presents as persistent pain, obstruction or perforation even after disappearance of hernia. In this article we describe a case of reduction en masse hernia and its management along with literature review. As the complications can be fatal, it is important to keep this rare entity as a differential diagnosis while managing patients of acute abdomen.

Primary malignant neoplasms of trachea and tracheal invasion by thyroid malignancies although rare are serious causes of morbidity and mortality. Management of tracheal tumours in general includes interventional endoscopy, surgery and radiotherapy. This paper describes the surgical and functional results of tracheal resections done in the surgical oncology department of a tertiary care cancer centre. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of all patients with malignant tracheal tumours who underwent resection and anastomosis in the period 2005-2009. Nine consecutive patients with tracheal involvement either from locally invasive thyroid malignancy or from primary tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma were included in the study. Results: Six patients had locally invasive differentiated thyroid cancer and three had adenoid cystic carcinoma. The male to female ratio was 2:1. All thyroid cases were papillary carcinoma with involvement of tracheal lumen. These patients underwent thyroidectomy along with tracheal resection- sleeve resection in four patients and window resection in two patients. Among the adenoid cystic carcinoma cases two patients were subjected to sleeve resection and one to window resection. Anastomosis was done after suprahyoid release and digital peri tracheal dissection. There were no major post op complications and all patients had normal voice after surgery. Eight out of nine patients are on regular follow up and are disease free till date. Conclusion: Tracheal resection is the treatment of choice for trachealtumours and is a safe procedure with good functional outcome.

Web Purpose: To report the clinical profile and histopathology of orbital tumors in patients presenting at a tertiary care centre. Methods: This is a retrospective case series of patients with orbital tumors who presented to the hospital from May 2010 to May 2014.Details on patient’s history, clinical examination, radiological investigations, histopathological profiles were retrieved from medical records. Results: 48 patients were studied (22 males & 26 females). Mean age of presentation was 38.5 (range 2 – 75 yrs). 31 of the tumors were benign, 5 were malignant and the rest 12 being pseudotumors. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the prevalence of dermoid cysts, pseudotumors, hemangiomas and lacrimal gland tumors to be the common space occupying lesions in the orbit.

Objective: Soil is a significant reservoir for enteric bacteria and other pathogenic bacteria, as it is a frequent recipient of waste materials. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of enteric bacteria from various soil samples collected in Nairobi and environs and to compare their drug susceptibility profile with those from clinical samples. Methods: Soil samples were collected from randomly selected GPS coordinates in Nairobi within a radius of 30km from Nairobi city center. Ten grams of each of the soil samples were serially diluted then plated on Mueller-Hinton agar and incubated at 30°Centigrade overnight, the colonies were Gram stained and the Gram-negative colonies inoculated on Analytic Profile Index kit for further identification. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done and the results compared with that of clinical isolates. Results: Out of the soil samples (n=236) inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar, 17 (7.2% prevalence) were positive for Proteus salmonicida. Other isolated Gram negative bacteria were Myroides spp, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophila and Alcaligenes spp. Proteus salmonicida showed a higher sensitivity to the antibiotics compared to the clinical Proteus except for Cefotaxime antibiotic which was resistant to it. Conclusion: Soil may be a significant a reservoir of drug resistant enteric bacteria contributing to antibiotic resistance as indicated by Proteus salmonicida resistance to Cefotaxime antibiotic, compared to Proteus species from the clinical source.

Microbial contamination of air/surfaces/articles in operation theatre (OT) is a major cause of surgical site and nosocomial infections. Approximately 10% of nosocomial infections have serious outcomes leading to longer duration of hospital stay and cost burden. Currently there is no uniform consensus on either the standards for surveillance, methodology for monitoring or the levels of acceptable contamination and the risk of nosocomial infections borne by OT. The present study was conducted with an aim to isolate and identify the microbial contamination of the air, surfaces and equipments of the OT of a tertiary care post graduate teaching hospital. Air quality surveillance of OT’s was done by settle plate method and note of bacterial CFU/ m3 count was made. For surface sampling, wet swabs were taken from different sites and equipments. Bacterial species were isolated and identified by conventional methods. In the settle plate technique, mean CFU/m3 was recorded for 8 different OT’s. Ophthalmology OT recorded least bacterial CFU rate of air(114 CFU/m3) followed by ENT OT(166 CFU/m3) and in Gynaecology and Obstretics OT(255CFU/m3), highest bacterial CFU rate was noted. Out of total 68 surface and articles sampled from different OTs, only 9(13.2%) showed growth of bacteria. The most common isolate was Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (5.8%) followed by Bacillus and Klebsiella species (4.4%) each.

Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta is rarely reported in humans(Tena 1998). In Eastern India only one case had been reported till now from Odisha (Tadepalli Karuna, 2014). So we are reporting this case of isolation of Hymenolepis diminuta from a 3 year old child who was referred to our laboratory for examination of stool sample. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of human infection reported from West Bengal (Tadepalli Karuna, 2014).

Cellulitis is a potentially serious life threatening bacterial infection of skin and soft tissue is a common emergency in our area. Several other conditions have similar presentations. In order to arrive at correct diagnosis it is vital that clinicians are able to distinguish cellulitis from other conditions. In order to begin appropriate pathway. In present series we are presenting our experiences regarding associated conditions, precipitating causes/risk factors, site wise distributions, clinical presentation, etiological agents, treatment and outcome of cellulitis.

Leukemias represent a varied group of malignancies of hematopoietic stem cell origin. A subgroup of thesemalignancies is represented by the myeloid leukemias which generally affect adults.Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells, affecting mature myeloid white blood cells. More than 90% of cases of CML result from a cytogenetic aberration known as the Philadelphia chromosome. CML accounts for 15% of all leukemias and males are more commonly affected than females. Most patients with CML are older than 60 years of age. It is a rare case as its annual incidence is one to two cases per 100000. A case of CML having all the characteristic features of the disease is presented. Due to its high morbidity rate, early diagnosis and appropriate medical therapy are essential andthe oral signs and symptoms may reflect an undetected serious systemic disease.

Thisqualitative study explores the role of surrender through self-compassion among young adults in long-term relationships and is primarily based on the premise that attempting to meticulously control certain aspects of life such as romantic relationships may hinder rather than help relationships to flourish. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on the samplefound to possess high levels of self-compassion, and thematic content analysis was employed. The findings indicate that an individual’s positive outlook towards himself/herself (Attitude towards Self) appears to positively influence his/her outlook towards his/her romantic partner (Attitude toward Partner). The practice of self-compassion thus appears to enable individuals to cease controlling behaviour towards their partner, expanding the likelihood of surrender, which has been observed to have multiple benefits especially in terms of harmonious interpersonal relationships and a higher sense of inner well-being.

The aim of this study is to compare ertapenem and piperacillin/tazobactum for the treatment of diabetic foot infection (DFI), in terms of measurable end points as efficacy, safety, compliance of treatment and decreased microbial resistance. We are also looking for cost effectiveness while choosing these two antibiotics. Methods: This is a retrospective study involving patients who were admitted under General surgery through A and E of Rashid hospital with diabetic foot infection. Patient selection was done by reviewing the history, complete physical examination, limb and ulcer examination. Culture and sensitivity of blood, wound swabs and deep tissue swab were checked, along with the imaging. Patients were then divided in two groups, one received intravenous ertapenem (1gm daily), the other group received intravenous Piperacillin-Tazobactam (4.5 gm every 8 hours). Results: Results were analysed statistically and conclusions were drawn. Conclusion: Overall results show that in terms of wound healing, length of stay, and debridement ertapenem is superior to tazocin. Ertapenem is also more cost effective as compared to Tazocin. However as more patients had to be switched over from ertapenem to tazocin as they were notresponding, therefore further big scale studies are required to compare the effectiveness of these two antibiotics in DFI patients.

Intensive and critical care nurses are contributing to care for critically ill patients in the intensive care units through their participation on the multidisciplinary team and in collaborative with physician during practice roles. Objective: This study was conducted to assess perceptions of the physicians and nurses about the role of the intensive and critical care nurses in the intensive care units. Setting: The study was carried out in the three intensive care units (neurology, cardiology and medical) at Tanta University Hospital in Gharbia Governate. Subjects: The subjects of the study consisted of fifty five physicians and nurses (23 physicians, 25 intensive and critical care nurses and 7 supervisor nurses). Tool: One tool was used, it is divided into two parts related to socio-demographic data and assessment of perception about role of the intensive & critical care nurses, it was included (50) items covered six responses; accessibility (5) items, knowledge (10) items, performance (10) items, care coordination and communication (15) items, psychological role (5) items and system issues (5) items. Results: Intensive and critical care nurses were seen as less competent in critical thinking, case judgment, manage complex problems, education of new staff, communication skills with family and interdisciplinary team. In addition to the psychological role and social care aspects not involved into nursing care plan as well as less skills in the care of system issues. Discussion and Conclusion: Responses reflected advantages of the intensive and critical care nurses as a member of medical management team in the intensive care units, but many other roles of critical care nurses in the intensive care units must be cleared and identified.

Meningiomas of the Sphenoidal wing occur most commonly in the 5th decade in males and in the 6th decade in females. The diagnosis is confirmed by neuro-imaging using Computerized Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging with contrast, facilities that are uncommonly found in our hospitals. We herein present a case of Sphenoid Wing Meningioma diagnosed in a 78year old urban dwelling woman 5 years after initial presentation, highlighting the late presentation and the need for availability of adequate diagnostic facilities in our hospitals.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and their toxic by-products (ketoacids) in the blood and urine. It can present with life-threatening cerebral edema and dysmyelination in affected individuals. Imaging is characterestized by MSUD oedema affecting the myelinated white matter. We report diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings in a newborn child with MSUD who presented with acute metabolic encephalopathic crisis.

A female adult Labrador dog adequately vaccinated and trained in explosive detection suddenly developed nervine symptoms characterized by foreleg paresis and lateral recumbency in about 20 days of sickness which started with fever, inappetence and depression. Examination of giemsa stained blood smear revealed presence of Babesia gibsoni and PCR analysis showed presence of B. canis in addition to B. gibsoni. Antibabesial treatment first with Clindamycin hydrochloride, Quinine sulphate upon microscopic detection of B. gibsoni followed by diminazene diaceturate and imidocarb dipropionate against B. canis detected in Polymerase Chain Reaction resulted clinical, parasitological and haematological improvement with gradual correction of the gait due to knuckling and impaired motor function in the left foreleg. Ten months later, oxytetracycline and doxycycline treatment consequent upon detection of inclusions indistinguishable from Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys during microscopic examination of blood of the animal with symptoms of anorexia, hemiplegia and absence of pedal reflex also resulted in clinical and haematological improvement as before. However, in another 3 months, the animal developed incoordination, circling movement, convulsion, chorea and coma leading to death. Post mortem examination revealed haemorrhages in many organs. Histopathological examination showed intranuclear and intracytoplasmic acidophilic inclusions of canine distemper in the epithelial cells of the urinary bladder, bronchioles and stomach. The present analysis discusses vaccine failure or infections with haemoparasites precipitating vaccine induced canine distemper as the cause of death.

Thyroid tuberculosis is an uncommon clinicopathological condition. The prevalence varies from 0.1% to 0.6% in histologically diagnosed specimens, including areas with endemic TB.1The diagnosis is often difficult as the clinical presentation has no distinct characteristics. The existence of this condition should be recognized when goiters or thyroid nodules are being treated because of more frequent involvement of extra-pulmonary sites of tuberculosis these days. We present a rare case of thyroid tuberculosis in a middle aged female, mimicking as a recurrent multinodulargoiter.

Aromatherapy is one of the emerging vistas in the science of healing. Recent trends focuses on going back to natural modalities of treatment. Aromatherapy has found to work wonders in different aspects of dentistry. The various applications of aromatherapy in dentistry has been overviewed.

Embryogenic callus induction and subsequently plant regeneration using mature embryos as an explant for six Sudanese elite wheat cultivars were investigated in the present study, mature embryos were placed indifferent MS salt strengths supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D. Relatively callus induction frequencies were observed over all concentrations and cultivars; however significant differences were detected in callus induction ability, embryogenic callus differentiation and plantlet regeneration among MS salts concentrations and cultivars. Wadi Elnile and Sasaraib cultivars achieved the best value for callus proliferation at the normal concentration (1X); followed by Khaleefacultivarat the same concentration, the least call genesis was obtained in Bohain cultivar. The calluses produced were subjected to somatic embryogenesis and regeneration studies. Maximum embryogenic callus formation was obtained in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of TDZ singly and TDZ in combination with 0.1 mg/l2,4-D in all treatments, while 0.5 mg/l2,4-D concentration inhibitedembryogenic callus formation. Takana cultivar was the most responsive cultivar among other cultivars; whereas plant regeneration was occurred in almost all TDZ concentrations for this cultivar. The present study cleared that somatic embryogenesis and regeneration abilities are highly genotypic dependent; whereas cultivars responded differently to the different abilities.

Heavy metals are metallic elements which have a high atomic weight and a density much greater (at least 5 times) than water. There are more than 20 heavy metals, but four are of particular concern to human health: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (As). Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly technology which is both ecologically and economically viable is an attractive alternative to the current clean-up methods that are very expensive. This technology involves efficient use of aquatic plants to remove, detoxify or immobilize heavy metals. It is best applied at sites with shallow contamination of organic, nutrient or metal pollutants that are amenable to one of the five applications; phytotransformation, rhizosphere bioremediation, phytostabilization, phytoextraction and rhizofiltration. Phytoremediation of heavy metals and its effect on plants have been compiled to provide a wide applicability of phytoremediation.

The utilization of microbes has been suggested as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical deinking in the recycling of used paper. The aim of this study was to decolourize inkjet ink and to achieve deinking of printed paper pulp using Pseudomonas sp. OWS1 isolated from extreme habitat. Initially the bacterial strains screened for inkjet ink decolourizing and deinking of printed paper pulp were isolated from oil-contaminated effluent water sample and were biochemically characterized. Decolourization of inkjet ink was optimized using various parameters such as pH, glucose concentration, and medium supplemented with 1% starch and 1% Tween 80, inkjet ink concentration, anaerobic and aerobic conditions and cell immobilization. Partial decolourization of the paper pulp was achieved within 5 days at 28 ºC. The immobilization of bacterial cells was effective in decolourization of inkjet solution within 2 days at 28 ºC. The isolate Pseudomonas sp. OWS1 has the ability to decolourize the well-known commercial dyes. Preliminary screening for extracellular enzyme was also done. The present investigation clearly demonstrated that decolourization of inkjet ink and deinking of printed paper pulp was more effective by using the culture Pseudomonas sp. OWS1. It also has a high potential to decolourize the well-known commercially available dyes.

Field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of variety, intra-row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer rates on the performance of pearl millet in a semi-arid agro-ecology in north-eastern Ghana The research was conducted at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Manga Agricultural Research Station near Bawku in the 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons. The pearl millet varieties evaluated were Bongo Short Head and Tongo Yellow in 2004 and Bongo Short Head, Tongo Yellow and Arrow in 2005. The intra-row spacing adopted were 20 and 30 cm and the fertilizer levels were 20 and 40 kg/ha of nitrogen. The trial was established as a factorial in a randomised complete block design with 4 replications. Plot dimensions were 4.5 m x 6.0 m. Data was taken on all standard agronomic traits and analysed using GenStat software. In 2004, panicle length was significantly (P≤0.0001) affected by millet variety; with Tongo Yellow producing longer panicles than Bongo Short Head. 100 -grain weight of pearl millet was not affected by any of the factors studied. Bongo Short Head produced the highest grain yield, though not significantly (P≤0.05) higher than Tongo Yellow. Similarly, closer spacing produced higher grain yield compared to wider spacing though the differences were not significant (P≤0.05). There was a general increase in millet yields with increase in nitrogen fertilizer application; with nitrogen fertilizer levels of 40 and 20 kg/ha significantly (P≤0.013) out-yielding the No Nitrogen treatment. In 2005, Tongo Yellow produced the highest grain yield. Planting at closer intra-row spacing produced higher grain yield than at wider spacing. Similarly millet yields were higher at 20 and highest at 40 kg N ha-1. The study enhanced the options available to pearl millet farmers in terms of improved agronomic practices and varietal choice.

Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Leaves were selected to screen pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies. Plant material was collected from farmlands in Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu, India. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. is a well-known leafy vegetable and also a medicinal plant, which has been valued in ancient system of medicine. The leaf extracts of various solvents were subjected to organoleptic, fluorescence analysis, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening. The study contributes to the development of standardization parameters of herbal drugs used in our system of medicine

AMF status of two local upland rice varieties, Kba Soh-pieng (KP) and Kba Saw (KS) was investigated from two sites (Site I-KP1 and KS1; Site II- KP2 and KS2)in the year 2012. Site I exhibited higher AMF colonization in comparison to those in Site II. In site I, the colonization ranged from 24.05% to 70.77% in KP1 and 28.00% to 76.01% in KS1 whereas in Site II, the AMF colonization ranged from 21.90% to 70.36% in KP2 and 24.76% to 71.64% in KS2. In both the varieties of site I and II, the percent AMF colonization was lowest during the initial stage of plant development that increases gradually and it was highest during the booting and maturation period i.e., in the month of September and October2012.ANOVA shows no significant variation in AMF colonization in different varieties of the same sites. While, there was significant variation in the same varieties at different sites.

Field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala ,India for two years to study the effect of organic manure biofertilizer combination in ginger intercropped in coconut garden on nutrient utilization and improvement of soil nutrient status. Different combinations of organic manures like FYM, vermicompost, neem cake and green leaves along with biofertilisers like Trichoderma and AMF were evaluated and compared with Package of Practices Recommendation of Kerala Agricultural University. Nutrient balance sheet for N, P and K was prepared for two consequent years. The soil nutrient status showed a build up of available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) for all the organic manure combinations with AMF and Trichoderma over the Package of Practices Recommendation of Kerala Agricultural University. A substantial reduction in net loss of soil nutrients was also noticed in all organic manure biofertilizer combination. The actual nutrient status analyzed was found to be less than the expected balance in the case of nitrogen and phosphorous for both years whereas a positive buildup was manifested in potassium status at the end of second year. The experiment is an indication of the beneficial effect of organic manure biofertilizer combination in enhancing the soil nutrient status over the two years.

16S/18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing, polymerase chain reaction and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing has played a pivotal role in the accurate identification of bacterial isolates and the discovery of novel bacteria and fungi in explosive laden soil. Ten different Bacterial isolates and three different Actinomycetes belongs to the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, klebsiella, Aspergillus, Coriolopsis were isolated and identified with their 16S and 18S rDNA sequences and deposited in the The GenBank Maryland USA. All the isolates were named after the discoverer P Ravikumar, will be preserved in MTCC, India. Sanger dideoxy sequencing technology was employed and the number of base pairs, the base count of A, T, G and C was also studied. To fully utilise 16S/18S rDNA sequencing of bacteria and fungi in explosive laden soils and their bioremediation, the presence of xplA and xplB and other biodegrading gene/s were to be investigated. Aspergillus sojae PRK2 18S ribosomal RNA gene, with the base count 216 a 184 c 256 g 228 t partial sequence with Accession KJ938684, Version KJ938684.1 GI: 675621795 (bases 1-884) a novel strain present in the explosive laden soil of cracker industry was deposited in the The GenBank Maryland USA is discussed here.

Fixtures are essential elements of production processes as they are required in most of the automated manufacturing, inspection, and assembly operations. For supporting and clamping the work piece, device is provided. Frequent checking, positioning, individual marking and non-uniform quality in manufacturing process are eliminated by fixture. This increase productivity and reduce operation time. Fixture is widely used in the industry practical production because of feature and advantages. In industrial ergonomics a manipulator is a lift assist device used to help workers lift, maneuver and place articles in process that are too heavy, too hot, too large or otherwise too difficult for a single worker to manually handle. As opposed to simply vertical lift assists (cranes, hoists, etc.) manipulators have the ability to reach in to tight spaces and remove workpieces.

This study was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory of Sudan University of Science and Technology during the period from April to July 2010 to investigate the effect of different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with 5mg/l 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) on multiplication of banana (Musa sp.) cv. Grand Naine using meristematic stem cuttings ex-plant. MS medium .The highest significant number of shoots was recorded by 0.05 mg/l NAA with 5mg/l BAP this concentration induced also highest length of shoots and maximum number of roots and highest length of roots . Low numbers of shoots wasrecorded by the control and 0.4 mg/l NAA.

The management of health care waste is a subject of considerable concern to public health and infections-control specialists, as well as the general public. Careless disposal of wastes may lead to transmission of communicable disease spreading through air, water and direct human contact with blood and infections of body fluids. Diseases are spread by improper treatment and disposal of wastes while handling items like needles, surgical gloves, blood bags. This paper is about segregation of medical waste automatically instead of the conventional colour coding method. Colour codes cannot be memorised by any one and interpreted correctly. There is also a possibility of infections when hospital staff try to dispose the waste themselves without the knowledge of becoming infected. So to prevent the disease spreading and color-codes identifications, we have proposed the idea to develop an automated waste segregation unit without human contact.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which results due to chronic hyperglycemia associated with the imbalance in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Presently available several drugs reduce the hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus; unfortunately these drugs have side effects. While, herbal drugs are mostly out of toxic or side effect than the chemical drug. Hence, the aim of the present study was designed to compare the possible therapeutic effects of Channa punctatus bile content against Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The Bile content of Channa punctatus was administered orally in an aqueous solution at a dose of 5ml/kg body wt. to diabetic rats. Applied doses did not cause any acute toxicity or behavioural changes. The blood glucose levels was significantly (P<0.05) reduced when compared to the alloxan induced diabetic rats. In conclusion, Channa punctatus bile content produced a significant hypoglycemic effect and also hypolipidemic activity at dose level of 5ml/kg.

To solve global solid waste crisis keeping in mind the rapid urbanization, increasing industrialization, increase in population, change in life-style and social development, alternative steps have been suggested. Various types of data have been used as per the requirement of the objectives of the study. The primary data sources comprise the frequent travels through the study area. The primary data includes collection accomplished including the field observation, data collected on various types of bins and the field verification of garbage disposal sites. The secondary sources encompass town plans and other plan documents, topographical sheets, guide maps. The data and information on agents involved in recycling the waste material is acquired from Department of Environmental study.

The study was conducted to determine the phenolic contents, in-vitro antioxidant activity and in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (Dongoyaro) and its effect on some biochemical parameters in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei NK65. The mice were grouped into six groups, five per group. Group I were not infected with P.berghei, Group II and III served as both the negative and positive control while Group IV, V, and VI were treated with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight of methanolic leaf extract of A. indica. The qualitative phytochemicals in the extract include tannin, anthraquinone, flavonoids, phlobatanin, saponin etc. The amount of total phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids and total proanthocyanidins present in the extract are 148.22 mg PE / g DW, 1.5%, 5.3% and 0.67±0.2 mg quercetin/g of dry plant material respectively. In the in-vitro antioxidant assay, A. indica was found to have FRAP, DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activity. The median lethal dose LD50 was estimated to be >5000mg/Kg body weight. The extract caused 47.80%, 50.96% and 52.30% suppression in parasitaemia at 200, 400 and 800mg/kg body weight respectively while Chloroquine exerted 100% suppression at 5mg/kg body weight. The curative test shows that the different concentration of the extract exert a growth inhibition of 50.1%, 74.57% and 73.68% at 200, 400, 800mg/kg body weight respectively while Chloroquine cleared the parasites by 94.07% at 5mg/kg body weight. The Hematological parameters showed that the extract is not hematotoxic since it significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count, and increase RBC, HGB, and HCT values in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. The liver biomarker enzymes show that there was a significant increase (P>0.05) in plasma AST, ALT, ALP and GGT in the untreated infected group compared to other groups, this signify hepatic damage in group II animals. This may also signifies hepatoprotective effect of the extract on the Swiss mice infected with P. berghei. The infected untreated and the infected treated animals all have higher plasma creatinine and urea values compared to normal healthy animals. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in total plasma protein in group II mice compared to the mice in other groups.

Knowledge of thermo physical parameters of local materials of construction has been essential when one considered the fast development of the market of building and especially the need for saving energy while ensuring the thermal comfort in housing. This work aimed to measure one of these parameters, the diffusivity, with an instrumentation based on “Flash Method”. It presented the results of measurement of the thermal diffusivity of dry clay and saturated clay, at different rates of cement, the clay has been taken in South of Benin. The results showed that the thermal diffusivity of dry samples was always lower than those of saturated samples. The first was about 0.468x10-6m2/s whereas the second was about 0.496x10-6m2/s. In the two cases, the values confirmed that the clay is good to be used as building and construction material.

The system proposed in this paper aims at monitoring the torque and efficiency in induction motors in real time by employing wireless sensor networks (WSNs). An embedded system is employed for acquiring electrical signals from the motor in a noninvasive manner, and then performing local processing for torque and efficiency estimation. The values calculated by the embedded system are transmitted to a monitoring unit through a Zigbee module. At the base unit, various motors can be monitored in real time. The embedded system was deployed on a workbench, and studies were conducted to analyze torque and system efficiency and at the base station a Graphical User Interface is given which give the user can interface with the system.

Undoped and 20at. % Al doped ZnO nanocrystals were successfully prepared by Sol-gel auto combusion route. Structural properties were studied from XRD pattern. The hexagonal wurtzite structure was detected. The crystallite size was calculated using Sherrer’s formula. Crystallite size determined 5.68nm and 4.05nm for undoped and 20at.% Al concentration. Optical study was completed by UV-Visible spectroscopy. Absorption peaks estimated at 352 nm and 366 nm. Energy band gap were calculated from Tauc’s plots. 3 eV and 3.05 eV are the values of Eg for ZnO and 20 at.% Al doped ZnO nanocrystals. It confirms that red shift in the energy band gap.

Millions of people around the globe suffer from various infectious diseases per annum. Extensive part of these infections is hand acquired infections. World health organization suggests hand hygiene as a primitive precaution focus to decrease the infection rates. We evaluated various aspects related to the occupational behavior and prioritization regarding hand hygiene measures among the university students, teachers, laboratory staff and canteen workers. Gram positive cocci were found in abundance followed by Gram positive rods. The antibiotics resistance profile showed that the isolated bacterial strains were mainly sensitive to streptomycin, whereas, majority of the isolates were resistant to cefixime-a third generation cephalosporin. Methicillin resistance was also found common among Staphylococcus spp. The study indicated the resistance spread among the opportunistic normal flora and the role of unhygienic hands in their transmission.

Kinetics of phase transfer catalyst (PTC) assisted polymerization of Methyl acrylate (MA) initiated by potassium Peroxydisulfate (K2S208) – cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) system was investigated in ethyl acetate/water system at 60ºC under N2 atmosphere and unstirred condition. The effect of varying the concentrations of MA, K2S208, CPC, H+, and ionic strength on Rp were studied. From the study, reaction orders with respect to MA, K2S208 and CPC were found to be 1.5, 0.5 and 1. Thermodynamic parameters such as overall activation energy (Ea), entropy of activation (∆S#), enthalpy of activation (∆H#) and free energy of activation (∆G#) were calculated by conducting the reaction at different temperatures in the range 50-60ºC. Rate of the reaction was found to be unaffected by a change in the acid strength and ionic strength of the reaction medium. To account for the experimental observations, the most probable mechanism has been proposed and the rate expression was derived from it.

Many relations have been obtained among several divergences by using several information inequalities. In this work, we also relate the Relative Jensen- Shannon divergence, Triangular discrimination, Relative Arithmetic- Geometric divergence, Relative J- divergence, and Hellinger discrimination to the Chi- square divergence and Varitional distance independently in a specific interval by using two different new information inequalities on new generalized f- divergence, together with numerical verification by taking two discrete probability distributions: Binomial and Poisson. These new information inequalities are derived by using Ostrowski’s inequalities. Application to the Mutual information and numerical approximation are done as well.

Ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density studies on solution of tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr) have been carried outin N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylmethylketone (EMK) and DMF-EMK solvent mixtures containing 0, 20, 40,60, 80 and 100 mol % of DMF at 298, 308 and 318K. From the velocity, viscosity and density data values, various parameters namely, the adiabatic compressibility (β), Intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi)and relaxation time (τ) have been calculated. All these parameters have been discussed separately to throw light on the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.

PAKO is German machinery on which we pair nozzle body with required needle class, so that we can adjust the required clearance. Our project on PAKO is related to the improvement in clearance to increase the Matching rate. It is found that, in today’s condition Matching rate is about 60-65% and our aim is to improve it. We have to find out factors affecting matching rate as per their priority of impact and find out ways of improvement of Matching rate. So by taking no. of readings on different benches /machines with one as group of sample parts. We compare it with another readings and we find changes while pairing.

Water contamination is increasing day by day that not only alarming to human beings, but it is also alarming for animals, plants and aquatic life. The discharge of Industrial wastes in the main water channels which contain large amount of chemicals, pesticides and metal pollutants. The present study emphasizes towards the water pollution and composite present in waste water like dyes, which are the major constituents of industrial effluent. The removal of contents was carried out by using a low cost adsorbent. The carbonized coir pith (CCP) was used for removal of Reactive Red 223 dye. Batch adsorption experiments were adopted for investigating the removal of Reactive Red 223(RR 223) dye. The overall experimental procedures were carried out as a function of initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose temperature and pH. Adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubnin–Radushkevich, isotherms. The maximum %removal of RR 223 was found to be 99.06% in 40 minutes with the initial concentration of dye 1.15×〖10〗^(-4)M at 313K. The results showed that adsorption of RR 223 on CCP follows Langmiur isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔGo), enthalpy (ΔHo), and entropy (ΔSo) of the system were calculated. Thermodynamics data showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The Kinetics study revealed that the CCP-RR 223 system followed the pseudo second order reactions. Analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also employed for investigation of functional group and surface morphology. pH at point zero charge of carbonized coir pith was determined by employing pH drift method. photocatalytic activity was also investigated.

Universe started neither with quasars nor ended with black holes (As said by Prof .S.W Hawking) rather it started with cold reaction with formation of sphere of cold dark matter layer with few empty canals in it all around (non expanding phase of universe). Later by virtue of unconditioned working it started expanding with velocity of light and hot reaction triggered with formation of H2 clouds and lot of radiations making empty canals Quasars. With the contraction phase, This Hot reaction would stop and once again canals would be empty. There would be no gravity effect in these empty canals. Now they will be called black holes as they will be seen black (not complete black) to us engulfing star’s matter in it. After star’s matter would be engulfed, the nuclear reaction would stop by unconditioned working of nature in canal and in last they will become empty canals. Further, this structure would collapse and we would get infinite tachyons or symmetry phase of universe. In the last Almighty B.B.B power will stop functioning and universe once again would reach in dormant stage (Fig. 1)

This is a discussing about cultural change and about migration from rural to urban and about military coup and impacts of television in Turkey on cultural axes. Almost all people live in popular culture and most of people live in urban areas in modern conditions and left their traditional culture in rural areas in Turkey because of television. People lived in traditional culture in rural areas during hundreds years and spent time in traditions. A cultural change was witnessed after a great number of people migrated from rural areas to urban areas in Turkey in 1970s and in 1980s and after people left their traditions in rural areas and television became the most popular media after migrations. Turkey is one of the country in where television is watched much and television determines the agenda of the people and guided administrators and television also plans lives of people. Most of people met television after they migrated from rural areas to urban areas in 1970s and in 1980s and also met modern life in rural areas and watched components of popular culture on television. People lived in urban areas in difficulties and tried to survive in modern conditions and had to embrace popular culture. Television was the most common and the most favorite media in Turkey and popular culture was mostly conveyed by television because of popularity of television. People learnt numerous realities and many knowledges about modern life and about global agenda via television in Turkey. Traditional culture changed into modern culture after numerous people migrated from rural areas to urban areas and television was began to use instead of traditional instruments and traditional sources.

In most African societies, land provides one with identity, a sense of belonging and is a pillar for human development. Gender is an essential factor in determining the social and relational aspects of individuals in any society. This is particular true when it comes to the question of land inheritance. In most African communities the inheritance of land is governed by the community’s social structure and culture. The general objective of the study was to examine the influence of gender in land ownership among the Samor community of Baringo County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A purposive sampling procedure was employed to select Kabarnet Mosop location. The study was conducted in all the four sub-locations of Kabarnet Mosop. The study employed survey method with questionnaire as the main tool of quantitative data collection. Three hundred and sixty-four (364) questionnaires were administered. In addition 10 in-depth interviews with key informant were carried out to obtain qualitative data. Quantitative data was coded and managed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program and the data was presented using tables, figures and percentages. Qualitative data was manually analyzed according to themes and narratives developed, analyzed and presented in form of verbal quotations. The results of the study showed that much of the land in Samor community is owned by men. The study also showed that the women who own land acquire it through purchase. Thus even though men do not allow women to inherit land, they sell it to women or allow them to buy without any negative socio-cultural impacts. The study concludes that for men and women to have equal access to land gender relations as they are informed by historical, legal and political factors need to be addressed. The findings of this study are thus relevant as they can be used to address inequalities in access to and ownership of land between the two genders in Samor community and, indeed, other communities in Kenya.

The basic research question of this survey was the assessment whether of the used methodology in the students Environmental Programs of Greek Secondary Education if meets the methodology of Adult Education Programs, so these programs could function as in-school teachers’ training programs. The research sub-queries referred at self-directed learning, inter/multi-disciplinary approach of the issues, development of the critical capacity of trainees, innovative elements of the program, ensuring of the active involvement of trainees, analysis of local/topical /of personal interest of learners’ issues. The Research Method was Case Study with Content Analysis of archival material of the student environmental programs that were materialized during the school year 2005-2006 in Gymnasiums of Heraklion prefecture.

The study was aimed at investigating the major challenges confronting the manufacturing sector, in particular master craftsmen. The study was carried out in the Tamale Metropolis. The target population was stratified into their trade areas such as mechanics, welders, electricians, blacksmiths, etc, and a total of 200 artisans were sampled using the simple random method. The results revealed that majority (97%) of the master craftsmen lack the requisite financial support to boost their firms irrespective of level of education and age in business. Rate of expansion of business was also slow as most of the respondents (69.7%) rated their businesses were slow in terms of growth. Lack of access to market was another major constraint to the master craftsmen. It was concluded that most Master Craftsmen lack financial support to enable them expand their businesses. In view of the increasing youth, as well as graduate unemployment, it is evident that the manufacturing sector is capable of absorbing most of the youth only if it is given the necessary attention it deserves. It was recommended that Master Craftsmen be given in-service training to enhance their technical and managerial skills. They should also be given financial support, irrespective of the size of the firm, to booze it.

The Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction for 2009 acknowledged the importance of good governance for sustained efforts in disaster risk reduction. Natural and manmade disasters put development gains at risk, but development choices in turn can increase disaster risks. Despite these escalating losses, more than 95% of humanitarian finance is still spent on respond¬ing to disasters and their aftermath, with less than 5% spent on reducing the risk of disasters. The challenge for the DRM community is to ensure that risk management is prioritized in these policy frameworks and fully integrated in institutional and sector practices, to help save lives, protect livelihoods and reduce economic losses. Good governance is expected to elevate disaster risk reduction into a policy priority, allocate the necessary resources to it, ensure and enforce its implementation and assign accountability for failures, as well as facilitate participation by all relevant stakeholders. Decentralization and devolution of power is seen as a means of promoting good governance and participatory development regarded as critical for achieving national goals of poverty eradication as well as the Millennium Development Goals. The New Kenyan Constitution views devolution and decentralization of power as the best means to realize Vision 2030.However, the institutional and legislative arrangements for disaster risk reduction in Kenya are weakly connected to development sectors. Despite the prevailing recognition that good governance and DRR are mutually supportive objectives, understanding of the linkage is still at a nascent stage in Kenya. Although increasingly risk management and reduction is mentioned in governmental development policies, plans and strategies it is not treated as a truly multi sectoral concern. A study was done on integration of DRR education into the education sector policy using Budalangi flood plain as a case study. This paper is advocating for a move towards a more holistic approach premised on the adoption and enforcement of new regulations, action plans, the integration of disaster management into the education system, and the maintenance of a strong institutional framework for coordination, as the main aspirations of the Government.

This paper examines the determination of the role TFPG to aggregate output growth in Ethiopia for the post 1991 period and checks if growth can be sustained with enhanced factor efficiency or not . It used the regression based growth accounting technique to decompose output growth. The research finding shows that the post-1991 notable growth in Ethiopia has been a result of factor accumulation. Physical capital explained more than half of the growth in output. However, the role TFPG has been significant that it accounted for above 34 percent of the GDP growth. On the basis of these empirical findings, it may be proposed that an economic policy focused on the promotion of public and private investment on physical capital could further enhance economic growth. Along with this, investments to augment the quality and employment of labor are also vital sources of growth. Furthermore, more openness, political stability and higher investment to GDP ratio are related to better factor productivity. Finally, policy makers should intensify their efforts to encourage investment in the industrial sector as the share of capital investment to GDP growth is strong.

This study is focused on the post disaster damages and recent trend of bank erosion in part of Bhagirthi River koil Bhatwari village. The changes in the river channel for the years 2004, 2011 and 2014 were analyzed using geoinformatics techniques The area of the river of the particular area is extended laterally from 141916.38 sq.m in 2004 to 51642.41 sq.m in 2011 and 226055.70 sq.m in 2014. As a result of it 90592.13 sq.m road, 10895.26 sq.m settlement, 1605141.05 sq.m grass land, 17123.59 sq.m and the agriculture land has been eroded away. It is happen mainly due to increases of intensity of rainfall and increases of frequency of flash flood. Due to increase of sudden discharge in river basin, the kinetic energy of the river is also increased. As a result of the lower part of the river is eroded more than the upper part. It leads to subsidence. But still now the human activities are going on in this hazard prone area. It is a big threat of this area. This study is helpful for planner to development of this area.

Main direction in the process of reforms in the public administration is creation of professional, depoliticized, effective and efficient and citizen oriented public administration in accordance with parliamentary democracy and responsibility. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the organizational structure and legal and sub legal act which are concerning to the responsible working of public administration. The ascent of these analyses refers to the responsibility of the administration from all aspects: prevention, confirmation and the proof of the responsibility. Precise and clear legal and sub legal acts are bases for responsible working and that represents disciplined public administration responsible and civil oriented, that will efficiently answer to citizen’s necessities and the other subjects and that overall will reflect towards all spheres of the social living. That means that even the non production activity of the administration, if it executes its services in a transparent effective and efficient way, it will reflect the economic progress of the country. The purpose of this paper is to cover the most essential laws of the state management and the state power, the rule books, codex and other policies which directly or indirectly are connected to the work of the state and the public administration in Republic of Macedonia. The results in the paper are based on the empiric research with using of the methodology of analyses of the content of documents (legal and sub legal acts). Over 50 legal and sub legal acts have been analyzed where the regulations that refer to the set organization, the management control, corruption, discipline and material responsibility as well as the strategic documents by which the working of the state and public administration in the department of the have been checked. The results from the analyses are based on equal references that direct to same conclusions and recommendations. In the laws there should be clear directions how to control and evaluate the working of the state and the public administration and by that the irresponsible working of the administration can be proved. The conclusion of this paper is that in Republic of Macedonia the legal and the sub legal acts should be changed in the direction of clear completion of the responsibility of the state and the public administration.

Work study programme has been put in place by many institutions of higher learning to help needy students cope with daily financial needs. However, very little information exists about its effectiveness as an intervention programme. This study sought to determine its efficacy at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. Descriptive research design was used. Purposive and Simple random sampling was employed to select a sample of 70 students on the programme, and 8 departmental heads. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. Though 60% of the respondents reportedly met their personal needs from work study programme, a series of challenges including its limited opportunities, low pay rates, delay in pay processing and stigma. Policy makers at the university should increase slots to accommodate more needy students and increase pay rates commensurate to the local standards of living.

Web Based Training (WBT) is an electronic learning technique in which the material is made accessible on the Internet by applying Web technologies. Typically, it has text and graphics, animation, audio and video. WBT is also referred to as "online courses" and "Web-based instruction"(http://www.commlabindia.com/elearning-articles/cbt-wbt.php). WBT offers a stimulating environment where the learner can learn at his own pace and can take the course at his convenience without any expense of time or travel. WBT can also be conveniently used by the physically challenged and can have Multi-platform capabilities, such as Windows, Mac, UNIX, PDA, phone, among others. In this study, we will show how we can use web technologies to develop web-based training tools. The web technologies will include HTML5, Php, Mysql, JQuery, Ajax, CSS, and SVG (TorstenIllmann et al., 2001). In particular, we will show how to use these technologies in a university environment to train students in a particular subject. The training tools will include assessments and knowledge reinforcement exercises as well as visual aids to electronic courses (Vincent et al., 2002) to deepen student understanding of the subject. These technologies and techniques can be used in companies, hospitals, plants to train the staff on a new system, new software, new medicines (Demetrios Sampson, 2006; Yazhen Zhang and Jian Li, 2011), or new procedures.

I hereby introduce a few key aspects of the Cosmology of Vacuum. Despite the fact that they have not been proven, nor recognized, by the scientific community, I hope that they will be someday. In a Science like the Cosmology of Vacuum, where empirical proof is so complicated, I believe that intelligence, intuition and imagination should take precedence.

Solitary lymphatic cysts in neck of adults is a very rare clinical entity, as 90% cases of cystic hygromas are present in children below 2 years. Most of the solitary cystic hygromas in adults are benign and complete surgical excision is the preferred treatment. However, in all patients above 40 years of age, a solitary cystic lesion in neck must be thoroughly investigated to rule out presence of malignancy such as occult metastasis from papillary carcinoma of thyroid or squamous cell carcinoma arising from Waldeyer’s ring. We present a case of solitary lymphatic neck cyst in adult, along with a comprehensive review of the literature.

Deficiencies in collaboration between healthcare professionals have a negative relation to the provision of healthcare and on patient outcomes. Collaborative practice has been shown to benefit civilian health care facilities by decreasing costs and increased patient, family, nurse, and physician satisfaction. This study aimed to investigate the levels of the collaboration between physicians and nurses and determine its relation to patient's satisfaction. Design: This study demonstrated a descriptive cross-sectional design. Setting: the study was carried out in Clinical Oncology Hospital, Menofiya University, Egypt. Subjects: Three groups of subjects included all staff nurses and physicians available at the time of the study, the third group was patients available at the time of the study. Tool: three tools were used; tool 1: Nurse–Physician Collaboration Scale. Tool II: Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire about nursing care .Tool III: Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire about Doctors. Results: Indicated that 94% of patients showed of high satisfaction about doctor, 66% showed high satisfaction for nurses' practice. When collaboration between doctors and nurses increase, the patients’ satisfaction increases. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a positive relation to between collaboration among nurses and physicians and patient satisfaction. Recommendations: As nurse and physicians, it is essential that we should understand and tolerate our differences and foster our mutual interest in caring for patient better than ever.

It is well known that cross-sectional anatomical imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) etc. have important roles in non-invasive diagnosis and in tumour treatment strategies. Likewise, nuclear medicine procedures such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are unparalleled in their ability to assess information about metabolic function. Despite their advantages over conventional imaging, they have their own limitations in oncologic imaging. These limitations can be overcome by combining anatomical and functional imaging techniques. These techniques have different working principles and consequently complement each other with respect to the information obtained. The combination (fusion) of two imaging techniques has been developed in recent years, defining the so-called “hybrid techniques’’ or “fusion imaging”. Combinations of anatomical imaging techniques (ultrasound with CT or MR imaging), as well as associations between anatomical (CT or MR imaging) and molecular (SPECT or PET) imaging modalities are currently being used in clinical practice. This paper highlights the fusion of various imaging modalities and their applications in the arena of head and neck cancers.

Ethical research demands that, among other things, the researcher obtains informed consent from the research participants before engaging them in research. This requirement is enforced by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) on behalf of the Government of Kenya through the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST). To enforce this, the IRB demands that consent form be attached to the proposal for it to be approved. The presence of a consent form is a reassurance that the researcher will provide adequate information to the participant. It seems that in most cases, research participants do give uninformed consent, as was evidenced by certain cases where participants seemed not to have understood the content of the consent forms they signed. There are instances where participants have taken part in research programmes whose aims they did not understand in the first place. In worse cases, some participants may not even be aware that they are involved in research for which they have given consent to participate in. Such cases are common in various parts of the world where health research is conducted and Kenya is no exception. The main objective of this research was to examine the extent to which research participants who had been involved in research before were made to understand informed consent before they accepted to participate in the research. A cross sectional study was done using in-depth interviews and qualitative data. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used for data collection. The target population comprised exclusively people who had participated in health-related research and who resided at Kapseret in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Snowball sampling method was used to select 102 participants, both male and female. The respondents were divided into 12 focus groups discussion groups of 8 to 9 members each. To have homogeneous groups, gender, age and educational level were considered when forming the groups. To enable the FGDs to discuss intimate issues freely, participants of the same age group were placed together. Males and females were grouped separately. Collected data was transcribed and FGD-generated themes were finally analysed and presented. It was established in this research that a trained researchers were able to deliver understandable informed content process. Research participants respected a trained research assistant. At the same time the trained PI respected the participants and this was demonstrated by the way the respondents of the study said such PIs ensured that informed consent process was well understood. The trained PI ensured that the informed consent form was short and easy to read. The trained PI created good rapport with the participants to a level that they were able to own the project. The appreciation accorded to them made the participants own the research. Participants give more value to what they individually perceive more than getting to understand the concept of informed consent with respect to the research they are being asked to participate in. It is thus recommended that they should be educated on the value of understanding informed consent as opposed to the view of seeking to know the benefit they will get from the research if they take part in it.

Menstruation is a physiological phenomenon unique to females that begins in adolescence. It is an important part of the female reproductive cycle. Although menstruation is a natural process, it is linked with several misconceptions and ignorance practices among young girls, which sometimes results into adverse reproductive health outcomes and may adversely affect their daily routine and quality of life. To explore the knowledge of menstrual hygiene practice and treatment seeking behavior for menstrual problems among unmarried girls, a community based cross-sectional study was conducted during April 08 to March 09 in Rural, Urban and Slum strata of UT Chandigarh. Methods And Materials-Stratified Multistage Random Sampling Design with probability proportional to size (PPS) was adopted and 744 respondents were selected. House-to-house surveys were conducted to collect the desired information by personal interview method. Results-The study showed maximum number of respondents (36%) attained menarche between 13-14 years of age. Branded napkins were found to be used by maximum number of respondents349 (46.9%). Abdominal pain was found to be the most common problem related to menstruation suffered by 429 (57.7%) respondents. Shyness was reported to be the main reason for not reporting to doctors for treatment by 58.8% of respondents. Conclusion-There is a need to impart health education to girls for clearing up their misconceptions and be offered them possible treatment options. Screening programs for menstrual related problems should be started at school level under School Health Programme.

Total hip arthroplasty always implies short or long term complications. It is compulsory further to a first initial arthroplasty. In Senegal, after a rather shy beginning in 1970 and1974, the total hip prostheses are regularly made in many hospitals of the country; particularly in Dakar. This review, 40 years later combined with the occurrence of complications are the main reasons why we conduct this retrospective study to highlight the medico-legal implications of the revisions of total hip arthroplasty. This is a retrospective study based on folders from ill persons gathered between January 2000 and December 2010 in the Department of Orthopeadics-Traumatology of the Public Health Institution Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar. The record of these elements has been made for each patient, on the basis of a file including the epidemiological data relative to the revision (indication, the action and the results). All in all 14 folders were selected. The analysis of our results on the functional and anatomic level has allowed us show the different complications further to the revision of a total hip arthroplasty that can incur the liability of the orthopaedist surgeon. The risk of incurring one’s professional liability would necessarily help to strengthen the vigilance of practitioners and better warn the government on its responsibility towards public health institutions.

The main goal of care services is provide and promote mankind’s health. Patient satisfaction is recognized as an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services. Spatially mothers’ satisfaction from delivery is very important because it influence on family and society psychological health. So, keeping in view a descriptive study was carried out to assess the level of satisfaction regarding intrapartum and postpartum nursing care among 100 women admitted at selected hospital of Ludhiana, Punjab. Findings of the present study revealed that regarding intrapartum nursing care, maximum no. of women (73%) were highly satisfied, whereas 26% of them were satisfied and only 1% was uncertain and regarding postpartum nursing care, more than half of women (58%) were satisfied followed by less than half of women (40%) were highly satisfied and remaining 2% were uncertain. Furthermore, the study can be replicated on a large sample. The study findings concluded that level of satisfaction was more regarding intrapartum nursing care than postpartum nursing care. Also assessment regarding patient’s level of satisfaction help to know about the quality of hospital services.

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors in infancy affecting 5-10% of the population and are largely composed of densely packed over proliferating capillaries with high cellular density and the absence of open lumen. These lesions are 3 times more prevalent in females than males. During first year of life these tumors are strongly proliferative in nature. These lesions subsequently stabilize and further undergo spontaneous slow involution and fully regressed by 5-10 years. We are, here now presenting a case of 7 years old female child with vascular swelling on left side of upper lip. There was no birth mark at the time of her birth but later on swelling in upper lip appeared which progressively increased in size, with a tendency to easy bleed, followed by regression, suggesting a case of infantile hemangioma.

Hydatid cysts are due to parasitic infection caused by cestode tape worm Echinococcus. Hydatid cyst most commonly involves the liver and lung. Involvement of kidney and retroperitoneum without involvement of other major organ are much less common. We reported a recent case of hydatid cyst involving both kidney and retroperitoneum. This case was diagnosed by radiological study followed by serology and lastly by laparotomy. The case was treated by surgical removal of the cysts combined with chemotherapy before and after surgery.

This study aims to identify the differences between degrees of emotional intelligence, and area variable which the student resides, and the study was carried out on the students of primary school Mjmaah governorate (Saudi Arabia) and covered (cities, villages and emigration) and sample reached (477 students from male at fifth and sixth class) and measure use (EQT) prepared by the researcher, and the results found out the existence of differences in the total degree of emotional intelligence ascribes to area variable, and that there are differences between the students of city, village and emigration in total degree of emotional intelligence and its components(Facilitate the emotions of thinking (FET), empathy , motivation emotional awareness, organizing and managing emotions, and temperamental case) and has varied in favor of city, village and emigration.

The present work involves the study of effect of different additives on spherical crystalisation of celecoxib, to optimise the experimental conditions for obtaining spherical agglomerates, and to study the various properties of prepared agglomerates. The crystalline lattice of the celecoxib is of long needle shape, which is responsible for its cohesive property. This abundance of cohesive nature results in poor flow property of celecoxib. It is vital to get the directly compressible form of celecoxib so that it can be directly compressed in high doses. This drug is mentioned under BCS class II category with a pka of 11.1. Several studies have been done on preparation of directly compressible form of celecoxib by spherical crystallisation method, the agglomerates were prepared alongwith incorporation of different excipients during crystallisation procedure, to study their effects on prepared agglomerates. In the investigation, studies have been done to check the effect of surfactant and various methacrylate polymers on spherical agglomeration behaviour and compaction-consolidation properties of celecoxib.

Aim: To describe the lived experiences of Registered Nurses at the Sangre Grande hospital, Trinidad and Tobago, who have only basic Nursing training but are required to clinically manage oncology patients with Brain Tumours. Background: Seventy-five (75%) of admissions to the Sangre Grande Hospital, on a daily basis, are Oncology long stay patients, who are admitted onto the medical ward. Lack of training in this specific area of expertise created feelings of inadequacy and work dissatisfaction among those Nurses. Method: Qualitative phenomenological design was employed to garner information from six (6) Registered Nurses from the Sangre Grande hospital, who have the basic Nursing Training and are directly responsible for the clinical management of patients with Brain Tumours were interviewed. The interviews were coded and analysed using Teschs’ method of open coding. Results: The RNs responses were grouped into five (5) major themes: The need for Oncology training for RNs; the need for Oncology facilities and support for RNs, patients, and relatives; the Physical impact/toll on RNs; the Psychological impact/toll on RNs; and RNs’ challenges interacting with patients. Conclusion: The results mainly revealed that it was psychologically and physically demanding and frustrating for RNs to function in this specific areas of expertise with only basic Nursing training. These results were congruent with the results received in similar studies by Poggenpoel, Myburgh, and Morare (2011) in Johannesburg, South Africa, and Johansson and Lindhal (2012) in Sweden.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer has one of the highest mortality rates among the cancers of the female genital tract. Aim: To ascertain the relative frequency, histological types, age distribution of ovarian cancer seen in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between January 1998 and December 2007 and to compare the results with local and international studies. Methodology: A retrospective study based on surgical biopsies from histopathologically proven cases of ovarian neoplasms seen at the hospital. Clinical information and bio-data were obtained from request forms. All the slides of ovarian tumours were reviewed. Results were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods. Results: A total of 166 ovarian neoplasms were seen over the 10 year period, out of which 38 (22.9%) were malignant. Ovarian cancer was highest between 51- 60 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 45.8 years. Surface epithelial ovarian cancers were the most common group (71.1%), followed by germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumours, 13.2% each. Overall, Serous cystadenocarcinoma was the most common subtype (36.8%) followed by mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (31.6%). Conclusion: Malignant ovarian tumours are far less common than their benign counterparts with surface epithelial malignancies being more common than germ cell cancers of the ovary in our locale.

Aims: To screen for the new effective antibacterial and probiotic strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from indigenous sources such as milk, yogurt, tomato and infant feces. Methods and Results: On the basis of morphology, cultural characteristics and catalase test isolates were identified up to genus level. Stab and agar well assay was performed to investigate the antagonistic potential of isolates. In order to rule out the effect of acid neutralized cell free culture supernatants (NCFCS) were used. Of all the isolates screened for antagonistic activity a milk isolate designated as LBM-86 appeared as strong bacteriocin producer, hence it was selected for further studies to determine its acid and bile tolerance which is generally considered important property for survival of probiotic strain in small intestine. When LBM-86 was grown in different concentrations of bile, decrease in absorbance and CFUml-1 was observed at high concentrations of bile, but bacteriocin activity was enhanced at these concentrations. Conclusions: Our isolate LBM-86 displayed antibacterial activity and bile tolerance, this could emphasize its candidature as probiotic. Significance and impact of the study: LBM-86 exhibited promising results and possess potentials for further research to explore its role as probiotic strain for nutritional and beneficial aspects.

Objective: To assess the association between aspects of maternal health (blood pressure and diabetic status) and fetal heart rate (FHR) during the third trimester, and compare FHR in male and female fetuses" or similar. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study population comprised 100 pregnant women in the third trimester. The study was conducted in Khartoum state between January and May 2012. Subjects were categorized according to blood pressure (hypertensive, hypotensive, prehypertensive and normotensive) and gestational diabetes status (diabetic vs. non-diabetic). All subjects underwent ultrasound imaging using a 3.5 MHz probe, according to the obstetric scanning protocol. Fetal heart activity was observed using the 4-chamber view and M mode was applied to measure the FHR. Data were collected on a clinical data sheet, designed to record relevant maternal clinical history (hypertension and diabetes mellitus). Results: Fetal heart rate was weakly correlated with gestational age in the final weeks of pregnancy (r = 0.35). Fetal heart rate was higher in subjects with hypertension than in normotensive subjects (p= 0.000). Maternal hypotension had no influence on FHR (p= 0.166). The FHR of male and female fetuses showed no significant difference (p= 0.456). Maternal diabetes did not appear to influence FHR (p= 0.166). Conclusion: FHRis strongly influenced by maternal hypertension. The FHR did not significantly differ between fetuses of diabetic women and non-diabetic women. There was no significant difference in the FHR between male and female Fetuses

Hundred and eighteen Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from indigenous sources including milk, yogurt, vegetables, meat, fermented dough and infant feces. On screening these isolates by stab and agar well method, were found them to produce antimicrobial substances inhibitory against other LAB strains. They also exhibited a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against gram negative i.e E. coli, S. typhi, S. dysenterae, K. pneumonia and P. vulgaris and gram positive pathogens i.e S. pyogenes, S. fecalis, S. pneumonae, S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus and C. diphtherae. Only 23 amongst these elaborated bacteriocin like inhibitory substance (BLIS) while the rest showed antagonism mainly due to organic acids. One of the strongest BLIS producing strain of lactobacillus LBT-36 isolated from fermented tomatoes was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and the purified protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE which gave a single band. Therefore, these strains after further essential investigations could be selected as good candidates for commercial use as bio-presevatives and can also contribute in improving human health by using them as Probiotics in different foods.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an objective and sensitive measure of integrated physiological functioning reflective of heart rhythm responsivity to internal and external demands. Reduced HRV is associated with vulnerability to stress, while increased HRV is associated with a favorable treatment response and recovery from various medical and/or psychiatric conditions. Cigarette smoking has been shown to adversely affect heart rate variability (HRV), suggesting dysregulation of cardiac autonomic function. Objectives: To determine the frequency and time domain measures of heart rate variability in smokers and thereby assessing the cardio vascular status. Materials and methods: 50 smokers and 50 normal male subjects between the age group of 20-50 years were selected. Computerized ECG system with Niviqure Software was used for the study. Frequency domain measures such as very low frequency, high frequency and LF/HF ratio and time domain measures such as mean RR intervals, mean HR, SDNN, RMSSD, were assessed to observe both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve function status. Statistical analysis was done by Student’s unpaired t-test will be used to compare different parameters between study and control groups. Results: Frequency domain parameters like low frequency and LF/HF ratio were significantly (< 0.001) higher and HF was reduced, Time domain parameters like SDNN, RMSSD, PNN 50% and mean RR were reduced significantly in smokers compared to normal. Conclusion: Impaired cardiac autonomic nerve function characterized by sympathetic over activity and reduced vagal activity were found in the absence of any cardiac disease in smokers.

Migraine is a common type of primary headache. Anxiety is seen more commonly in migraineur's than general population. Presence of Anxiety inmigraineur's also significantly effect the quality of life. The present study was done to look for the presence of anxiety among migraine patients and normal individuals and also to compare quality of life in migraineur’s with and without anxiety. Materials and Methods: In this case control study 127 individuals with migraine and 30 age and sex matched healthy individuals were studied. The International Headache Society's International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition, (ICHD-III) was followed to diagnose Migraine with or without aura. Head ache impact test was used to assess severity of headache. Migraine disability assessment scale (MIDAS) was used to assess migraine related disability. Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) PLUS questionnaire was used to screen for the presence of anxiety. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was used for assessing severity of anxiety. WHO Quality of Life -BREF questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. Results: Anxiety was present in 36(28.34%) with migraine while 3(5%) in control group had anxiety. In females anxiety was found in 33.7% while in males anxiety was found in 15.78%. Quality of life was significantly affected in those with anxiety. Conclusion: The occurrence of anxiety as comorbid condition with migraine is common. Anxiety is more common in females. The quality of life is negatively impacted in those with comorbid anxiety.

Totally ten bacterial isolates were obtained and screened for biofouling activity. Two isolates DPR1 and DPB1 showed significant biofouling activity in the tube method and microtitre plate assay. These two isolates showed similarity with Vibrio sp. on morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The 16S rDNA sequence of the one bacterial isolate was performed and identified as Vibrio sp. DPR1 using Phylogenetic analysis. The 16S rDNA secondary structure and restriction sites of Vibrio sp. DPR1 were also studied. This investigation clearly revealed the presence of biofouling bacteria anchored in the thermal power plant pipe. In vitro biofouling activity was evaluated in different substrate such as stone, glass, metal sheet and pipe. Among substrate the maximum biofouling was in stone followed by glass, metal sheet and pipe. Bacterial EPS production was evaluated using different carbon, nitrogen and phosphate source. Among the various nutrition, sucrose, ammonium sulphate and K2HPO4 specifically the maximum EPS production under in vitro condition.

Infectious diseases are one of the major problems in developing as well as developed countries. Plants produce a diverse range of natural products that have long been providing important drug leads for infectious diseases. Azadirachta indica Linn. (Neem) is a tree which has been found to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour properties and is also used as a pesticide. Leucas aspera Link (Donokolosh) has also been found to have antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effect. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica and Leucas aspera by using disc diffusion method. Clinical bacterial isolates such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms. Acetone extract of Azadirachta indica and methanolic extract of Leucas aspera were used.

Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae family) is regarded as one of the worst weeds because of its invasiveness, fast growing habit and economic and environmental impacts. The vigorous mode of reproduction and the ability to possess of an arsenal of secondary metabolites has given it the status of invasive alien species. This noxious weed possesses large and persistent soil seed bank, high seed germination rate and ability to undergo dormancy under unfavorable periods. It is able to invade all disturbed land including farms, pastures and vacant lots and grows profusely along roadsides and railway tracks. This weed thus colonizes a range of vegetation and soil types and spread easily by water, farm and industrial machinery, animals, vehicles, stock fodder, movement of stock, grains and seeds. It affects each and every part of the ecosystem. It is considered to be a cause of a spectrum of clinical patterns: allergic respiratory problems, contact dermatitis, mutagenicity in human and livestock. During dry season, the mature plant crumble to a fine dust, that is scattered by the wind and becomes the source of "airborne contact dermatitis". Pollen grain of this weed produces hypersensitive disorders in susceptible individuals; the symptoms being watery eyes, swelling and itching of mouth and nose, constant coughing especially at night, continually running nose and sneezing. The plant produces toxic allelochemicals that affects the seed germination and the growth of the plants in its surroundings. Moreover, these substances are potent mitodepressive agents leading to several types of chromosomal abnormalities in dividing cells of plants growing in vicinity of this weed. Hence, it is also a threat to biodiversity of an area. The wide adaptability of the plant, its photo- and thermo-insensitivity and drought tolerance capacity in addition to allelopathic potential makes it a strong competitor in all habitats. There is also a growing concern that this weed will become more competitive and aggressive as concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases i.e. due to green house effect. Looking at the harmful effect of the weed, there is an urgent need to control the population of this weed. However, it is a big challenge because of its high regeneration capacity, production of huge amount of seeds, high seed germinability and extreme adaptability to a wide range of ecosystems.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding different levels of (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder to the diet on some egg quality traits. A total of 300ISA Brown hens, 23 weeks old were randomly assigned for 4 treatments of 75 laying hens each. Each treatment constitutes of 3 replicates with 25 laying hens each. (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder was supplemented to the diet of hens at the levels of 0 (control group; T1), 500 mg/Kg of diet (T2), 750 mg/Kg of diet (T3) and 1000 mg/Kg of diet (T4). Egg quality traits included in this study were: egg weight, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness and haugh unit. Results revealed that feeding the birds diet contains different levels of (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder (T2, T3, T4) resulted in significant improvement as regards egg weight, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk weight, shell thickness and haugh unit during the periods of this experiment and concerning the (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder means of these traits. Thus, (Thymus vulgaris) leaves powder can be used as one of the important nutritive additives that added to laying hens for improving some egg quality traits.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by visual inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) and cervical cytology method (Pap smear) in a rural based hospital Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 30-65 years old married women in a rural based tertiary health care center. A pre-designed questionnaire wasadministered to collect information on socio-demographic and reproductive characteristic. They were tested for the presence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix using Pap smear and VIA as screening tools. Results: The VIA test was positive among 8(3.6%) women and PAP smear was abnormal in 9(4.05%) of women. None of the patient who had abnormal PAP smear were VIA positive and vice versa Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions of the cervix by VIA was 3.6 % while 4.05% pre-malignant lesion was detected by Pap smear method.. Lack of education, awareness and poor follow up are the main factors behind failure of screening programs in a rural setting. In low-resource areas, VIA can be better than PAP smears for its ease of use and low cost, eliminating the need for follow-up visits.

Early somatic embryogenesis from single cells or a multi cells differentiated into embryos from Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verd. cell suspension culture were obtained by fractionation through sieving, using iron mesh and centrifugation. These cells differentiated to embryos when they were cultured on a Murashige and skoog’s medium containing 0.5 mgl 1 α-Napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 1.0 mgl 1 Zeatin (Ze) for 14 days, followed by transfer to a medium containing 1.0 mgl 1 Ze lacking auxin. This indicates that there are at least two phases in the differentiation of embryos. The progression of the first phase required exogenous auxin, whereas that of the second phase was inhibited by the same growth regulator. The embyrogenic cells were richly cytoplasmic, contained numerous starch grains and were about 30 µm. Proembryo like structures with few cells and having mainly transverse or longitudinal division was observed among many elongated and vacuolated non embryogenic single cells (50-200 µm). From serial observations of the pre-embryo like structures after transfer to a micro chamber, it was confirmed that they are developed in to successive stages of somatic embryos. Therefore, a study of the origin and pattern of development will provide a better understanding of the order-generating processes.

Bamboo enterprise plays an important role in the rural economy of Tripura by providing subsistence activities, employment generation and household income. It is the most suitable subsistence resource for about 28,000 families engaged in shifting cultivation each year. Keeping this in view, the present study was carried out with the objective to assess the livelihood and level of income of bamboo plantation by farmers of small holding. In the present study number respondents were 96, who have been selected randomly from the Hezamara block, west district of Tripura and total number of predictor variables were 19 .The data were collected through pilot survey, structured interview, and questionnaire, participatory approaches. The study reveals that the predictor variable viz. family size (X3), land under agricultural crop (X7), land under bamboo (X9),annual income before bamboo (X11), energy consumption(X16), cost incurred in bamboo cultivation (X18) are some of the variable which has recorded significant association with income from bamboo as well mandays and wages generation from bamboo. The following factors have been identified through PCA as to have substantive contributions on the cumulative variance of the livelihood and productivity of bamboo enterprise. These are: Family resource entrepreneurship, input media interaction, home and human resource support and resource status. The variable Age(X1), family size( X3), Land under agricultural crop (X7), Cropping intensity (X8), land under bamboo (X9), Material possessed (X10), energy consumption (X16), cost incurred in bamboo cultivation (X18) have been retained in the step down regression to imply that these variable is extremely important to these causal variable to interpret the reason and spectrum of variance of the consequent variable in its behavior and performance.

Mulberry leaf is the solo food and source of nutrition for the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Fortification of mulberry leaves with supplementary compounds was found to increase the larval growth and post cocoon characteristics. Silk production is dependent on the larval nutrition and nutritive value of mulberry leaves. The use of commercial pre and probiotic bacteria in sericulture has tremendous scope. So to explore the effectiveness on nutritional and commercial characteristics of B.mori the study was carried out. Mulberry leaves supplemented with commercial pre and probiotics Flora-SB at the concentration of 1%, 3% and 5% were administered, starting with the first day, first feed of each instar. The research was performed with control and experimental groups of 3 replications of 50 larvae each. In order to have a detailed picture of the energy and economical parameters, daily measurement of dry matter ingested, faeces produced, biomass gained by the larvae, quantitative and qualitative characters of the cocoon were recorded. Pre and probiotics with a concentration of 3% was very effective and recorded maximum food consumption (1.836 ± 0.07g), assimilation (1.544 ± 0.05g), tissue growth (0.118 ± 0.002g), RGR (54.06 ± 1.84 per cent), cocoon weight (1.98 ± 0.09g), shell weight (0.37 ± 0.01g) and filament length (804.26 ± 23.12m). Probiotics are live microbial food supplement that beneficially affect an individual by improving intestinal microbial balance. Prebiotics are non- digestible dietary fiber that exert some biological effect by stimulating growth or bioactivity of beneficial microorganisms. Thus pre and probiotics together enhances nutritional efficacy of B.mori which inturn reflect on the quality improvement of cocoon characteristics.

Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.) has been spread all over the India, especially in tropical and warm temperate regions. Recently, its occurrence was recorded in tropical parts and foot hills of Uttarakhand state. The uphill journey of the alligator weed in the state is a serious matter of concern. The weed may reach to alpine region of Himalaya soon by taking route along water courses, as it can readily survive in cold winter and severe frost.

The onset of DNA replication which is the essential step in the reproduction of any cell requires specific interactions of initiator proteins at defined loci called origins. Although the origin size varies from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, the origin recognition complex which is one of the major players initiating DNA replication across the species is conserved. The orchestrated binding of ORC facilitates DNA melting which in turn is the inception for the duplication of the DNA thus helping to emanate bidirectionally from the origins. The conserved DNA binding domains, ATP regulation and the structural properties of the DNA are the key features of the replication machinery. The ORC proteins exhibit a multifaceted role besides its fundamental role in DNA replication. The ORC mutations leads to various diseases.

Aiming to assess the water quality and to evaluate the environmental pollution caused by different anthropogenic factors on Vlora Bay, the physical and chemical parameters were determined at 15 sampling sites during the February 2013. The seawater samples were collected at 7 sampling sites among the bay and 8 sampling sites of Narta and Orikumi Lagoons that are positioned in the Bay. The seawater samples were analyzed for 12 physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, red/ox potential, conductivity, and nutrients content (N-NO3-, N-NO2-, N-NH4+ and P-PO43-). The analytical data were entered into a data matrix and were statistically treated with Descriptive Statistics method and multivariate analysis by using MINITAB 15 software package. Based on the similarity regarding the environmental situation, the sampling stations were classified into 3 main clusters by grouping in the same cluster the stations of the same lagoon and the next one belongs to the samples of the Bay. The principal component analysis identified four principal components that distinguish different factors that affect the environmental situation of Vlora Bay coastal area.

In the first what is the calculus? Before defining the calculus we can divide it into two categories; the first is differentiation, but the second is the integration. The differentiation: that category relates with the rate of change and the slope of the graphs, whereas we use the limits in finding the derivative of any curve: -The integration: that category relates with the area under and between the graphs, whereas appeared many theorems like Riemann integration, Monte Carlo integration and the fundamental theorem of calculus. -The differentiation is connected with integration by The fundamental theorem of calculus that tells us that: -The differential calculus and integral calculus is well-connected by many thing and from the new things that the derivative of a function can be found by knowing the integral of the inverse function to the derivative function, and that can be understood from the following equation: -The previous equation told us that: 1-we can find the derivative of any curve without taking the limits. 2-That equation is an good evidence for the strong connection between the differentiation and integration.

In tertiary educations, most of the courses are having group projects as one of the part of assessments in their curriculum. In computer science, especially for software engineering students the group projects are providing the necessary skills to gear for project management, have experiences in playing and maintaining different roles and members within the project group. Traditionally, the evaluators awards the marks or grades for the individuals or group members based on the contribution and coordination’s within the group for the project. Sometimes the awarded marks for the students may be unfair to undeserving students or serving students, based on verbalized performance or oral presentation only. This paper is focused on the impact of group projects in course curriculum and the importance of self and peer assessments in accessing student’s grade for the group projects. Surveys, interviews are conducted with the students and staff members to find the impact of the recommended approach in accessing the group project.

A simple and controllable one-step electrode position process is proposed in order to obtain ZnO nanotubes. Zinc oxide thin films were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide by electrode position from an aqueous electrolyte containing zinc nitrate and potassium nitrate. Generally, in aqueous electrolytes ZnO is electrochemically deposited in the form of hexagonal nanocolumns. These nanocolumns grow perpendicularly to the substrate until reaching amaximum height ofabout 2 µm and then the perpendicular growth vanishes and the solid nanocolumns develop to hexagonal hollow structures. Several characteristics of the electrodeposited films such as thickness, morphology and crystalline structure were obtained as a function of thed eposited charge. The evolution of the morphology of the electrodeposited layers as a function of time was monitored by Scanning Electron Microscopy. X-Ray Diffraction confirms that hexagonal nanotubes are preferentially oriented along the (002) direction.

Image segmentation is the most important part in digital image processing. In image segmentation, digital image is divided into multiple set of pixels. With the growing research on image segmentation, it has become important to categorise the research outcomes and provide readers with an overview of the existing segmentation techniques in each category. Image segmentation is generally required to cut out region of interest (ROI) from an image. Currently there are many different algorithms available for image segmentation The state of art research on each category is provided with emphasis on developed technologies and image properties used by them. In this article, Categories and Methods of Image Segmentation is briefly explain with suitable practical application.

Grain size analysis of Manakudy estuary around mangrove forest, Tamil Nadu, India has been studied and textural parameters namely mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. Textural pattern shows complicated profile as a result of the fluctuation in the physicochemical conditions due to the sediments and the marine interactions. Abundance of the medium sand to fine sand shows the prevalence of comparatively moderate- to low-energy condition in the Mankudy mangrove area. In monsoon the abundance of fine sand shows high energy condition. LDF results show the dominance of shallow marine deposits in the Aeolian beach and the influence of turbidity. The granulometric and CM pattern indicates most of the grains from by bottom suspension rolling to graded suspension condition. The comparison with the tractive current diagram, all the season fall in tractive current environment, that is by interaction with wave actions.

Effects of variation of different parameters on decolorization of the acidic dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 has been studied in the range = 530nm by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Effect of change in concentration of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 with Hydrogen peroxide was studied in basic medium (pH = 11) as the decolorization of the dye was catalysed in the presence of NaOH. Effect of pH was studied, variations were( pH =1-11 ), it was found that high pH had enhanced the % decolorization of the Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. Study of Temperature was investigated in the range (313-343K) showed that temperature elevation raised the reaction rate. The activation parameters are Ea 13.33 KJ.mol-1, ∆S ≠- 0.19668KJmol-1, ∆H≠+28.53 KJmol-1 and ∆G≠ + 90.0944 KJmol-1 revealed the reaction was endothermic, nonspontaneous and strong interactions between dye molecule and oxidant take place under the assistance of NaOH as a catalyst, low value of activation energy exhibits that the reaction was fast, whereas negative entropy of activation shows that the mechanism is an associated one. Rate Law was -d[CBB]/ dt=[OH- ] [CBB ]0 [ H2O2] . Order of the reaction with respect to variation of concentration of CBB dye was zero order and with respect to hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ion is found to be first order. Decolorization rates were well in basic medium and unappreciable in acidic medium.

MSEs are playing prominent role in the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia. For this reason, the Federal Government of Ethiopia as well as the authorities at different levels of the country have attempted to promote MSEs through offering Business Development Services (BDS). The objective of BDS is to improve MSEs’ performance. To this end, this study aims examining the contribution of BDS provided by various stakeholders in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia on the expansion and development of MSEs. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used in the study. The effect of BDS (particularly training) on the performance of MSEs were assessed in terms of its contribution to growth (current capital and the number of employees). BDS has brought changes in MSEs in terms of innovation which results in efficiency and profit improvement. The supply driven nature of the training may shade lights on the sustainability of training. The lack of willingness to pay for training implies dependency of the MSE owners which may affect the participation of the private sector in the training that in turn affects the continuity and the sustainability of the BDS services. Making the training demand driven may help fit to the interest of the MSE owner which in turn improves the satisfaction level of the trainees. Attitudinal change in avoiding dependency on government and NGO provision and make MSE owners interested in training and willing to pay for it. This will assure the sustainability and the continuity of the service and its contribution to business development.

The primary function of that study is to analyze the result of money supply and GDP on FDI in case of Pakistan. Funds offer should be to extra amount of cash within economy to own land of which requires large charge regarding inflation. When CPI, Rate of interest are not manipulated using within recommend boundaries then additional money improve additional inflation in a economy. In case most of us improve marketplace, agriculture, education and learning, health insurance and essential infrastructures then your funds offer could well be smaller as well as inflation reduces as well as Gross Domestic Product raise keeping that in mind. We have to take this in consideration and runs Base-line regression model to see how these variables effective in Pakistan for the period 1970-2013. We use Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and we found that co-efficient of Money Supply (M1) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positively significant on foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, unavailability of facts for the different critical determinants like corporations, labor prices along with actual physical facilities can be deemed as limitation your examine. For the future study, locating information in politics stability may also be another enhancement.

This paper is about finding out the trend of relationship of investment-profitability and investment tangibility in market of Pakistan. Purpose of this study is to determine the three variables of companies which are listed in Karachi stock exchange that variables are investment, profitability, and tangibility and most importantly finding the relationship plus dependability among these three variables. The hypothesis of research is that there is a positive significant relationship between investment and profitability or in other words investment is associated positively with profitability. Second hypothesis is investment is positively correlated with tangibility; there is direct positive connection between these two variables. In Pakistan not any research been published considering these two hypothesis so far. This research will provide the investors and managers an analytical view of investments which will eventually guide their decisions. For evaluating these variables and their relation data is collected from BSA (balance sheet analysis) then relevant proxies are applied. The data is representing the companies from every industry of Pakistan and is for three years. In this research panel data set testing is used. Investment is independent variable; profitability and tangibility are depending upon it. For deep analysis in this paper random and fixed effect is incorporated. The results suggested that there is a significant positive relation between investment and profitability so that we can infer that as investment increases profitability also increases. As far as second hypothesis is concerned results of tests concluded that it is also accepted. Thus we can say that as investment increases as a result tangibility also increases because whenever a company is investing a major portion of its fixed assets is also increased.

Life Skills Education is a curriculum innovation that was introduced into the school curriculum by the Kenya Institute of Education in 2009. The study sought to determine teachers’ Professional Development Opportunities that affect the implementation of Life Skills Education curriculum in their schools. The study employed descriptive survey design. The research sample consisted of 5 Quality Assurance and Standards Officers, 27 head teachers and 54 teachers teaching Life Skills Education. The total sample size therefore consisted of 86 respondents. The study employed stratified and simple random sampling techniques to obtain the sample size. Questionnaires were used to collect data relevant for the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The study findings showed that majority (74.1%) of the teachers in primary schools had never attended any seminars on Life Skills Education and therefore could be lacking adequate professional development skills to enhance effective implementation of Life Skills Education curriculum. The findings of this study will aid educationists and curriculum developers to establish barriers and develop possible measures to be undertaken during formative stages of curriculum implementation of Life Skills Education.

A Capital structure decisions are among the most important and crucial decisions for any business because of their effect on the value and cost of the company. In this paper, anattempt has been made to examine the relevance of theoretical internal (firm level) factors determine capital structure of manufacturing share companies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Toseek answers to these questions, seven explanatory variables; tangibility, non-tax shields, growth, earning volatility, profitability, age and size of the firm were regressed against the dependent variables of total debt ratio, short term ratio and long term debt ratio. In connection of this, a sample of 12 companies were take and secondary data was collected from audited financial statements of selected companies for the period of five years (2007-2011). Stratified sampling design was employed and companies were selected based on simple random to represent different industry sectors (strata) within manufacturing share companies. Data was then analyzed on quantitative basis using multivariate OLS regression. The results show that tangibility, non debt tax shields, earning volatility, profitability, and size of the firm variables are the significant determinants of capital structure of Addis Ababa manufacturing share companies at least one out of the three models for capital structure employed in the study. While no clear and statistical proved relation are obtained for the variables growth of the firm and age of the firm in any of the capital structure models.

The study was prompted by the quest to assess the quality of procurement in Open and Distance Learning. This research used a case study method in which documentary analysis was the main technique used to evaluate the procurement regime at the Zimbabwe Open University which is the only open and distance learning university in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Open University’s procurement model was found to be significantly meeting international best practice hence the need for it to be shared with other Open and Distance Learning Universities the world over. Continuous improvement in procurement management was identified as one of the main areas the University should invest in as it is imperative especially in this volatile business era.

Levels of various physico-chemical parameters along with coliform cell units were determined for thirteen water samples in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post- monsoon periods between March-2011 to Feb-2012 to assess the water quality of three local streams and Baitarani river in Joda area of Keonjhar district. Most of the parameters were of maximum value in post-monsoon period. The samples were acidic in post-monsoon period where as slightly acidic to alkaline in other periods. The pH, EC, TDS, TH, the major cations and anions in all samples and DO values in most of the samples were well within the BIS and WHO limits. But turbidity, TSS, total and faecal coliform units and in some cases BOD values were beyond the limits indicating contaminated water bodies. Fe and Cr contributed a lot for high value of WQI. WQI value ranged from 96 to 359 infers poor to very poor quality of water and the sample from Dalko Nala(S8) was found to be unsuitable for drinking and bathing purpose. The overall water quality assessment indicates proper treatment of river/stream water for public consumption. The possible sources of contamination are weathering of rocks, soil erosion, extensive mining operations and anthropogenic activities. TDS, SAR, Na%, RSC values indicated good quality of water samples for irrigation.

Motivation is the force that transforms and boost up people productivity and performance in their jobs. Maximize an employee's motivation is essential and critical for human resources in health care sector to effectively achieve the organization's objectives and goal. However, this is a significant challenge to human resources in public and private sectors in Saudi Arabia's HR managers, due to the complexity of what motivates people to work well in Saudis. The objective of this research was to identify and discuss some factors that influence Saudis employees’ motivation on both public and private sector health Industry. A survey method was designed to collect data from 150 employees of public and private hospitals in Jeddah Saudi Arabia. Results indicated that a number of work related factors affected employees’ motivation. Public hospital employees were more motivated by work contents and experience more balance between work and family life, whereas, private hospital employees were more motivated by financial rewards, career development opportunities, and supportive environment, as shown in the literature cited and proved by our results. Consequently to these outcomes, some recommendations were offer to enhance employee work motivation in Saudis.

The study sought to explore how students studying through Open and Distance Learning rank the various service quality dimensions. The study focused on the information gap on the ranking of students’ expectations of service quality dimensions in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in Zimbabwe. The accurate understanding of how students rank service quality dimensions is important in the crafting of service strategies by ODL administrators. The servqual model of calculating service quality was used as the main theoretical concept. The study employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. The study concluded that ODL learners have a unique ranking of service quality dimensions where Assurance is the most important dimension, followed by Reliability, Empathy, Responsiveness, and Tangibility respectively. The study recommends that ODL universities should aim to maximize students’ satisfaction through prioritizing the most important dimensions.

This study tries to determine the potential challenges and prospects of retailing Ethiopian branded apparel through examining consumer attitudes toward some twelve attributes. A total of 134 college students from a variety of majors have taken part in this study. After determining the importance of each of the apparel attributes, a cross tabulation is used to assess how Ethiopian apparel is perceived against those deemed to be most important. This study found that comfort; quality; good fit; attractiveness; choice of style; and good price successively are the most important attributes consumers consider during an apparel purchase. Moreover, it is revealed that Ethiopian made apparel is perceived to be inferior to a foreign counter part in attributes like comfort, quality, attractiveness and choice of style.

Belowground biomass is important components of terrestrial ecosystem carbon. Understanding its size and influence of disturbance on its level is essential for carbon evaluation in savanna ecosystems. We studied root biomass after twenty years (1992-2012) of application of early fire, grazing and selective tree cutting on two factorial experimental sites characterized by deep and shallow soils in Sudanian savanna-woodland ecosystems of Burkina Faso. Coring methods was used and at each sampling point, a block of soil 25×25×50 was taken and the roots (fine and coarse) were quantified used to measure root biomass. at two depths (0-20 and 20-50 cm). We found that grazing, selective tree cutting and early fire applied alone did not affect (p > 0.05) total root biomass. Nevertheless, signifcant cumulative effect was significant (P=0.001). Total dry weight of roots biomass ranged from 8.7 t.ha-1 on plots treated simultaneously with grazing, fire and wood cutting to 18.3 t.ha-1 on plots protected from grazing but subject to fire and wood cutting. Therefore, projects which aim to mitigate climate change by increasing carbon stocks in dry savanna ecosystems should pay more intention to roots biomass, taking care to avoid the co-occurence of the three disturbances factors in the same landscape.