May 2013

Wavelet analysis is a recently developed mathematical tool for many problems. In this paper, we apply Haar wavelet transform method to solve typical Initial value problems. Numerical examples are shown which including first, second, higher order differential equations with constant and variable coefficients, singular non-linear initial value problems. The results show that the haar wavelet transform method is quite reasonable when compare to R. K. Method and exact. R. K. Methods they are distinguished by their orders in the sense that they agree with Taylor’s series solution up to terms of hr, where r is the order of the method. These methods do not demand prior computation of higher derivatives of y(t) as in Taylor’s series method. Fourth-order Runge –Kutta methods are widely used for finding the numerical solutions of linear or non-linear ordinary differential equations, the development of which is complicated algebraically. Also, Numerical accuracy of the R. K. Method is not quite good as compared to exact and haar wavelet transforms method in case of higher order and typical initial value problems.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ficus religiosa (FR) commonly known as Bo tree or Peepal, has been extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments including diabetes mellitus. However, the plant has not been widely studied for its hypoglycemic/ anti-hyperglycemic effects, except for a few preliminary studies. In this study we provide the experimental evidence for the clinical use of FR in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims and 0bjectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ficus religiosa and their comparison with the standard oral hypoglycemic (2nd generation sulfonylurea - Glibenclamide) drug in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: 30 Wistar Albino rats were included in the study.A base line body weight was recorded and baseline biochemical analysis of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and plasma TNF-α levels of rats in all the groups was done. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding rats with a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of low dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg b.w.). Rats with FPG ≥ 160 mg/dl were included in the experiment and were randomly divided into 5 groups, each comprising of 6 rats. Ficus religiosa powder at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., and standard drug (Glibenclamide) at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg was given orally, once daily, to the desired group of animals for a period of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, the above mentioned parameters were analyzed again. Statistical Analysis: The data was expressed as mean ± SD and was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance, and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical significance was based on p value < 0.05. Results Ficus religiosa powder at all the three doses i.e. 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in the elevated FPG levels in diabetic rats. A dose dependent response was also noticed, with a more pronounced effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg than at 200 mg/kg which in turn was more effective than 100 mg/kg dose. The hypoglycemic potential of Ficus religiosa at a dose of 400 mg/kg was nearly as effective as the standard drug. Plasma TNF-α levels also showed a dose dependent response with a maximum mean percent reduction at a dose of 400 mg/kg and minimum at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: An effective and dose dependent curative effect of Ficus religiosa against hyperglycemic and elevated TNF-α in all the three doses i.e. 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was evident with the most pronounced effect at 400 mg/kg. This favorable modulation of cytokine TNF-α by Ficus religiosa may be responsible for its potent anti-diabetic activity.

Land cover changes have significant impacts on hydrological processes at the watershed level. The objective of the study was to apply a rainfall-runoff model derived using Hydrologic Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to predict hydrological impacts of land cover changes in Upper Athi River Catchment, Kenya. The derived HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model was first calibrated and validated in the period 1984-1990 using six events in the study area. Land cover data used in the study were obtained from Land sat TM images of the years 1984, 1988 and 2010. The hydrological impacts were predicted using the calibrated HEC-HMS model in the period 1984-2010. Changes in peak discharges and runoff depths at the outlet of the study area were used to quantify hydrological impacts of land cover changes. The land cover change detection between 1984 and 2010 revealed that agricultural land and built-up land increased by 8.67 % and 23.70 % while closed/open woody vegetation, broadleaved evergreen forest and rangeland decreased by 9.98 %, 2.52 % and “19.88 %” respectively. The HEC-HMS model performance was found satisfactory with mean values of coefficient of efficiency (COE) during calibration and validation of 0.9514 and “0.9003” respectively. Impacts of land cover change analysis between 1984 and 2010 showed that peak discharges and runoff depths increased by 4-23% and 6-18% respectively. The increase in peak discharges and runoff depths were associated with the increase in impervious surfaces resulting from agricultural and built-up lands. The HEC-HMS model is recommended for prediction of hydrological impacts of land cover changes in the study area.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease of the brain. It’s is the most common form of dementia which demolishes the vital brain cells causing trouble with memory, thinking and behaviour, brutal enough to affect work. Recognized factors in Alzheimer’s disease include acetylcholine deficiency, free radicals, and inflammation of the brain tissue. Many of the current drugs used to treat the disease like Donepezil have unpleasant side effects and doctors are keen to find alternatives. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but drugs designed to slow disease progression are available. Herbal medicines are being used by 80% of the world population in developing countries for primary health care. Some herbs may help to improve brain function, but scientific evidence to prove that they can treat Alzheimer’s disease, is limited. A list of medicinal plants curing AD were collected from literature and its phytoconstituents were tabulated. The chemical structures of the phytoconstituents (ligands) were drawn in Chemsketch and converted into mol format. The target molecule was found from literature and downloaded in PDB format. Phytoconstituents and few commercially available drugs for AD were docked against Alzheimer’s disease target. The phytoconstituent present in plants were found to have better results than the commercially available drugs with a highest docking score of -6.845 for the phytoconstituent Bacoside A and B of Bacoppa monneira. The descriptor properties were found out using Qikprep and QSAR model was built with a SD (Standard Deviation) of 1.08 was obtained.

A substantial and low cost DNA isolation protocol is the prerequisite of many molecular biology experiments for the genetic improvement of highly economical medicinal plants. The present study was undertaken to explore the best DNA isolation protocol for Stevia rebaudiana Bert., an artificial sweetener. Four methods were evaluated for extraction of DNA namely Kit GeNeiTM Genomic DNA extraction (Bangalore GeNei), Kit GeNeiTM Plant DNA isolation (Bangalore GeNei), Phenol-Chloroform Method and CTAB method. All four methods evaluated effectively to isolate the DNA from the young and old leaves of Stevia plant and produced consistently positive results. The quantity and quality of the DNA extracted was compared using UV-spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. It was found that the Kit GeNeiTM Plant DNA isolation (Bangalore GeNei) had good quality as well as quantity (A260/280, 1.5655) of DNA as compared to other three methods. The present findings will certainly play a vital role in genetic improvement of Stevia rebaudiana Bert.

The community based cross sectional study explored age and sex variations in under nutrition using mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut‐off values among 2196 (1037 boys and 1159 girls), 3‐5 years old children in a food insecure rural Bera sub district of Pabna district in Bangladesh. MUAC was measured using standard technique. The response rate was approximately 96%. Mean MUAC among boys was higher than girls at all ages except 5 years. Significant sex differences were not observed over ages. The age‐combined rates of overall (moderate and severe) under nutrition among boys (38.49%) was higher than among girls (32.22%).The age combined rates of moderate under nutrition were 36.34% and 31.03% among boys and girls, respectively. The rates of severe under nutrition were 2.15% and 1.20% among boys and girls, respectively. There were sex differences in both moderate and severe under nutrition. There was an increasing trend in the rates of overall under nutrition from 3 to 5 years in both genders. Education of mothers, housing space, family size, religion, and sex of children had significant effects on the nutritional status of children. Results of the study suggest that MUAC is a potential anthropometric indicator of child nutrition.

Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to brinjal genotypes in order to assess the degree of polymorphism among genotypes. Three RAPD Primers ( OPB-07,OPL-04 and OPC-07) were used to estimate genetic diversity in five brinjal cultivars. A total of 30 bands were scored corresponding to an average of 10 bands per primer with 10 bands showing polymorphism (33.33%).One out of three primers (OPB-07) gave 50% polymorphism. Dice`s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.857-0.980.Similarity matrix computed with dice`s coefficient reveals maximum similarity between cultivars Swarna mani (S1) and Punjab-70 (S2), Arka kranti (S4) and Swarna abhilamb (S5) i.e, 0.980 and 0.923 respectively while distantly related cultivars were Swarna mani (S1) and Swarna abhilamb (S5) with similarity coefficient 0.857.A dendogram constructed based on UPGMA clustering method revealed two major clusters-cluster-1 and cluster-2.The cluster – 1 comprises of Swarna mani (S1) and Punjab-70 (S2) and cluster -2 comprises of Arka kranti (S4) and Swarna abhilamb (S5), while as Arka shree (S3) occupies a distinct place as revealed in dendogram.

The world is divided into two categories where majority have to walk miles for the meal and few walk to digest the meal. Among the former category are the third world countries especially from Asia, Africa and L.America which came out of colonial clutches in 1950s.Since 1950s these countries have embarked on the tempo of the development. India is one among them which can be called divided India with 70% poor and 30% non-poor at 2$ poverty line, so Public-Private-Foreign Collaboration (PPFC) model should work just not only for the short term profits but for improving the living standards of these 70% consumers to ensure sustainable demand in the future .As the WDR 2013 calls for jobs provisioning to escape the poverty, such type of jobs which ensure freedom to exit the poverty. In India we have five year plans which are divided into the annual plans reflected through budgets. Thus budgeting has an important role in the planning to meet the objectives and targets set by the planning authority. It is now the 12FYP which started on 1st April 2012 and will end on 31st march 2017. Since the 11FYP the Govt. Of India (GOI) is having turned the attention of the common masses towards the inclusive economic growth i.e. the growth with human face to ensure the sustainability in the economy. The budget reflects the behaviour of the fiscal policy so has much to do with the inclusive growth. The underlying assumption beyond the present study is that economic planning facilitates the inclusive growth. The objectives of the area(I) to assess the impact of the budget on the poverty, unemployment and the inequities(II)to measure the indicators of the inclusive growth and(III) to find the loopholes and their corrective measures. The methodology used is Time Series Analysis based on secondary data and the use of graphs, tables and diagrams has been made for precision and attractiveness for different periods of time. The sources of the data are the budgets, the Economic Surveys, the WB, the IMF and other online or printed sources. The present study has been divided into five section as 1st section introduces the problem,2nd deals with meaning and the concept , indicators and strategies for inclusive growth,3rd with the budgeting process,4th with data analysis and findings ,5th and the final section is the conclusive part.

Distribution of resources is not uniform over the earth surface. At the early stage of human civilization, people were habituated to lead their livelihood from natural resource base. Later on they identified new resource base from nature and produced new resources with the invention of new technology. By these ways, different types of economic activity have been creating through dynamic resource process or utilization. This paper is an endeavor to search the reflection of the economic surface by the influence of resource base change of Rampurhat-I and II C.D. Block, Birbhum District, West Bengal.

Research results have shown that soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery traffic can have an adverse effect on crop production. Various authors have tried to numerically model and investigate the degree of compaction in relation to machinery axle load, traffic, and the mechanical characteristics of the soil. Assuming a uniform soil/tire interface contact pressure distribution is one of the main problems with most of the FEM-based numerical models. Soil/tire interface contact pressure is not uniformly distributed; it varies depending on the soil properties and tire characteristics. We used PLAXIS to numerically model the soil/tire interface contact pressure perpendicular to the vehicle movement direction. The soil/tire interaction was modeled with a PLAXIS beam element of varying flexural rigidity placed on the soil surface loaded with a uniform pressure intended to simulate the load on the soil from the tire. Depending on the mechanical parameters of the specific soil and flexural rigidity of the beam element, different types of contact pressure distribution were obtained. A U-shaped soil/tire interface contact pressure distribution was obtained for a soft beam element while a parabolic type of distribution was observed for a rigid beam element. The results agree with what we have found in the literature. We also determined the dry bulk density profile in the soil caused by compaction using the PLAXIS simulation technique. These simulation results were compared to the measured field data available and it was found that the two are in agreement. Hence, beam elements with appropriate flexural rigidity can be used in machinery-traffic-based compaction modeling.

Rotavirus is causative agent of diarrhea resulting in mortality in children up to the age group of 5 years. The first infection occur between age group of 6-9 months. However, the need for screening of rotavirus is important to access the incidence of severe disease or effectiveness and its serotype distributions. To detect any new ideotype in re-assortment a continuos screening of existence genotype is required. Multiple assay now exist for measuring the serological response to Rotavirus infection. ELISA and RNA-PAGE are considered to be highly sensitive tool for screening of Rotavirus because its abilty to detect even at low concentration.

Fundamental analysis is an approach to arrive at the ‘correct price’ of the security. Its objective is to identify the under priced and overpriced securities in the market place so that the investment decision-buying and selling of securities can be made. A security is said to be under priced if its current market price is less than the ‘correct price’ known as ‘intrinsic value’ or ‘true value’. Conversely, it is overpriced if the current market price is above its intrinsic value. Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating a security that entails attempting to measure its intrinsic value by examining related economic, financial and other qualitative and quantitative factors, and company specific factors. TOP- DOWN APPROACH E-I-C approach: Economy (E)- industry(I)- company(C) is used for carrying out Fundamental Analysis. The present study aims at carrying out the Fundamental analyses of two leading companies of Indian automobile industry and estimating their intrinsic value to assist investment decisions. The automobile industry is one of the core industries in India and is optimistic of posting good sales in the coming years. So, the investment in the shares and securities of automobile companies seems to be profitable. Two leading automobile companies Tata motors and Maruti Suzuki listed in the National Stock Exchange are selected for this study. The study is done using secondary data collected from Reserve Bank of India website, BSE website and Company Annual Reports for the period of last five years from year 2007 to 2011. Fundamental Analysis of both the companies is carried out and their intrinsic value ranges are obtained from the EIC Analysis of these companies to help investor decisions.

Vascular lesions are one of the most common tumours of the oral cavity. Treatment is based on the clinical behaviour and natural history of individual lesion. Deciding the line of treatment has been the most difficult part for a surgeon in most cases. Several conservative methods have been tried and tested, but the defininite one is still to be explored. Sclerotherapy with setrol appears to be one of the better treatment options with minimum toxicity. This paper present a case of hemangioma treated successfully with setrol.

Optimal Load Dispatch (OLD) plays an important role in power system operation. The objective of Optimal Load Dispatch of electric power generation is to schedule the committed generating units outputs so as to meet the required load demand at minimum operating cost while satisfying all units and system equality and inequality constraints. This paper presents a new optimization approach to solve the Optimal Load Dispatch (OLD) problems with power flow constraints. The proposed Hybrid PSO method employs PSO combined with EP technique. In this approach the best features of both PSO and EP are incorporated. The proposed method, PSO and EP have been tested on IEEE 14, IEEE 118 and 66 Bus Utility System. The results clearly shows that the proposed method outperforms standard PSO method and EP method on the same problem and can save considerable cost of Optimal Load Dispatch problems and this proposed method is well suitable for large and practical systems.

The present study is aimed to investigate the impact of arsenic on gill and liver tissues of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita. In the present study, the protein, amino acids, glucose and glycogen were observed in gill and liver tissues of arsenic treated fish. At the arsenic treatment, the level of protein decreased and amino acids increased and glucose increased and glycogen decreased in the gill and liver tissues of fish. The present study concludes that the toxicity of arsenic alters the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita.

Churni is a river in the Nadia district of West Bengal, India. It has been opined that the Churni is most probably an artificial canal, not a true river. Local history says, during the 17th century the river Churni was dug by the orders of Maharajah Krishna Chandra, the King of Nadia as a moat against the Bargees of Maharashtra. Only 80 years ago, in the 1930’s, it was the major trade route inside undivided Bengal. Now, the river has lost its navigability. The river is subjected to different anthropogenic activities throughout its course. The upper stretches receive discharges of sugar mill effluents from the Darshana sugar mill factory (situated in Bangladesh) and the lower stretch in India is subjected to water obstruction by bamboo-made barrages at several places. Retting of jute in the river water has caused a rise in the river bed and enhanced the problem of silting and aggravated the problem of flood. Weed infestation is an emergent problem of the river. Encroachment along the river bank has narrowed the river. Unscientific agricultural practices along the river bank is also adding to the problem. The catchment area of this river includes a medium populated Ranaghat municipality. The opposite bank of this river comprises village residential areas and unorganized small-scale industries, which release their untreated effluents and sewage into the river. Several fish species appeared to have been eliminated from the polluted Churni river since 1983. The present paper is an attempt to analyse the origin, evolution and present conditions of the river and also to highlight the modifications caused by natural hydrological changes as well as by human interference which can provide a right direction for combating the problems of the river.

Reverse transcriptase of the human immunodeficiency virus reads the sequence of viral RNA nucleic acids that have entered the host cell and transcribes the sequence into complementary DNA sequence. Reverse transcriptase protein structure was retrieved from NCBI and the similarity searches were made by using BLAST PDB Database, and further the protein structure is modeled using Modeler 9v1. Structural visualization of reverse transcriptase was done by Accerlys Discovery Studio. Using Q-Site Finder, prediction of ligand binding site was done. The three dimensional structure of inhibitots viz., 3,6-Pyridazinedione, 1,2-dihydro-4-methyl, 4-H-pyran-4 one, 2,3 dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 1H-inden-1-one,2,3,dihydro, d-Mannose, 1,6-an hydro-a-D-gluco pyranose (Levoglucosan), m-toluic acid, allyl ester, Erythrocentaurin,1H-indole-2,3-dione,1 methyl ,3-hydrazone 2H-Pyra-2-one,5,6-dihydro-4-(2-methyl-2-propen-3yl)-, were obtained from GC-MS analysis and further the structure is drawn in ACD CHEM SKETCH software. Docking studies of 3,6-Pyridazinedione, 1,2-dihydro-4-methyl, 4-H-pyran-4 one , 2,3 dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 1H-inden-1-one,2,3,dihydro, d-Mannose, 1,6-an hydro-a-D-gluco pyranose (Levoglucosan), m-toluic acid, allyl ester, Erythrocentaurin,1H-indole-2,3-dione, 1 methyl, 3-hydrazone 2H-Pyra-2-one,5,6-dihydro-4-(2-methyl-2-propen-3yl)-, against reverse transcriptase was undertaken to gain insight in to the binding mode of the investigated compounds at the active site of reverse transcriptase.1-6-An hydro-a-D-glucopyranose compound were found to be active againse reverse transcriptase as indicated by docking results; the best being 1-6-An hydro-a-D-glucopyranose. Results suggest that 1-6-An hydro-a-D-glucopyranose should be evaluated further for therapeutic use in combination of HIV/AIDS drugs. Further, this may be confirmed by drug trial to find out the effeciency in inhibiting reverse transcriptase activity to treat HIV/AIDS complications.

Between 1974, when the first food and drug decree was enacted, and 1994 when NAFDAC was established, no fake drug manufacturer or importer was prosecuted. Consequently, there was public outrage when no culprits were indicted over the death of 150 children in 1989 as a result of formulation error in a drug. It is interesting to note that this fight cannot be over unless various stakeholders come to collective agreement and working partnership that endures. The source of data for the study is primary and secondary and engages the historical method. The findings show that from April 2001, NAFDAC under a new management, led by Dora Nkem Akunyili engineered great transformation. Nigeria and the world could see the difference a well structured institution with good leadership can make within a very short period. This paper identifier the central position that the issue of food and drug is attracting globally and as well, highlights the numerous factors that account for the success of NAFDAC which can also be injected into the other sectors of the Nigerian Economy.

In this study we developed strain specific Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA molecular markers based on Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification of specific sequence in combination with dilution plating on semi-selective medium to detect and estimate density of propagules of a commercial strains of B. bassiana. Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, the fifteen primers of four Operon series (OPB, OPC, OPE and OPF) were selected for 16 accessions of B. bassiana. All Three Operon series primers (OPB-2, OPB-4 and OPC-4) were highly sensitive and yielded maximum amplification products with all Beauveria bassiana accessions. Analysis of Sixteen accessions of Beauveria bassiana revealed 90.97% of polymorphism. Besides molecular characterization of Beauveria isolates, RAPD markers proved to be very useful in selecting and identifying the specific sequences of B. bassiana for the selective strains which can be developed in future as a more effective bio-control agents.

3-Formylquinolin-2(1H)-ones have been synthesized efficiently by dechlorination of 2-chloro-3-formylquinolines with acetic acid and sodium acetate in just 1.5 to 2.5 min. under microwave irradiation. Consequently, microwave irradiation significantly reduced reaction times compared to traditional heating methods. Particularly synthesis by solvent-free solid supported microwave irradiation was found more eco-friendly and had higher reaction efficiency. The purity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by their C, H and N analysis and the structure was analyzed on the basics of Mass, FT-IR and 1H NMR.

Finger millet is the fourth most important food crop of Nepal. In many countries millet has been used as a major ingredient in the manufacture of malt. Millet malt is extremely used in the preparation of weaning foods, infant foods and beverages. Today there is a growing demand for gluten free food and beverages from people with celiac disease. Information regarding the malting of finger millet in Nepalese context is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the malting characteristics of some Nepalese finger millet varieties. Six finger millet varieties were germinated at 28±1 ºC for 48 to 84 h, kilned at 50±2 ºC and analyzed for amylase and carboxypeptidase activities, total free amino acids and free amino nitrogen contents in the malts. All native millets had negligible α-amylase activity (0.05–0.11 units) while 72 h germinated Juwain millet showed the highest α-amylase activity (22.96 units). Beta amylase activity in native millets were in the range of 0.1–2.4 units and it reached maximum value on 48h of germination in all millet varieties with a highest value of 385 units in Kabre millet. Diastatic activity ranged from 8.3 to 17.3 ºDP (db) in 48 h germinated millet malts. Forty-eight hour germinated Juwain millet exhibited the highest carboxypeptidase activity (242.5 units), total free amino acids (310 mg glycine/100 g dry malt) and free amino nitrogen (57.8 mg glycine/100 g dry malt) contents of all the millet malts. Although Juwain millet variety seemed best for malting, further investigation on malt extract and wort analyses are suggested for their brewing quality assessment.

The study analyses the impact of external on economic growth in Nigeria. The time series data were derived from various secondary sources such as: the Central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletins, Economic and Financial Review and Annual reports and statement of accounts and Federal Office of Statistics (FOS).Data were also extracted from Debt Management Office (DMO) publications and website. The macroeconomic data cover gross domestic product (GDP) and external debts from 1992-2012. The estimated techniques includes the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen Co-integration test and Error Correction Method (ECM). The results revealed that external debt impacted positively on the economic performance of Nigeria. The paper also revealed that external debt is not significantly affecting economic growth in the country, but all the same, a good performance of an economy in terms of per capita growth may be attributed to the level of external debt in the country; therefore external debt is a stimulant to the economic progress of the country. The paper found that external debts if properly manage can lead to high growth level. A major policy implication of this result is that concerted effort be made by policy makers to manage the debt effectively by channeling them to productive activities (real sector) so as to increase the level of output in Nigeria, hence achieving the desire level of growth. Another policy implication of the study is that most developing countries contract debt for selfish reasons rather than for the promotion of economic growth through investment in capital formation and other social overhead capital. For debt to promote growth in Nigeria and other highly indebted countries fiscal discipline and high sense of responsibility in handling public funds should be the Watchword of these countries’ leaders. External debt can only be reduced to the barest minimum by increasing output level (GDP).

The aim of this study was to carry out nutrient content of Sclerocarya birrea (Amarula) fruits as one of the Kenyan drylands indigenous fruits with a high potential. Mature fruit samples were collected from the field in Mbeere in Eastern part of Kenya and then taken to the Forest Products laboratories for analysis. Edible portions were analysed for the nutritional composition. The analysis carried out included energy, moisture, ascorbic acid, proximate and minerals (i.e. Ca, Mg, K, Cu, P, Fe and Zn). Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) was used for elemental analysis, Ultra Violet-visible spectrophotometer (UV/VIS.) for phosphorous analysis, Kjedahl method for crude protein, bomb calorimeter for internal energy and soxhlet method of analysis for crude fat while various classical methods of analysis were employed for the other parameters. The results of analysis indicated that the kernel was rich in fat (57.36 ± 0.95%), energy (30.36 ± 0.04kj/g), protein (30.34 ± 0.36%), potassium (486.64 ± 2.6mg/100g), phosphorous (160.74 ± 2.6mg/100g) and calcium (449 ±18.59mg/100g) while pulp had significantly high values of ascorbic acid (190 ± 0.81mg/100g), Potassium (K) (3220.3 6± 4.32mg/100g), Phosphorous (P) 145.634 ± mg/100g), Calcium (Ca) (688.488 ± 20.74mg/100g). However iron (Fe) (2.792 ± 0.26 mg/100g), Magnesium (Mg) (155.82±1.044mg/100g), zinc (2.33 ± 0.03mg/100g) and copper (0.32 ± 0.075mg/100g) were present in low quantities.

Headache is the most frequent symptom in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. However, patients presenting with solely headache in cerebral venous thrombosis are uncommon. We report a patient who is a smoker, presented with headache and a history of dehydration secondary to gastroenteritis. Magnetic resonance venogram of brain showed thrombosis of the left transverse, sigmoid sinus. Patient was treated with heparin and warfarin and improved on treatment. So in smokers with newer onset of headache and with history of dehydration, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis should be considered as a possible diagnosis.

The study is about developing a class of line search exchange algorithm for solving linear programming problem using an experimental design procedure. The new algorithm, namely, minimum exchange algorithm has been developed and a first necessary condition for the existence of an optimizer of a linear programming problem has been obtained. This algorithm has been shown to converge. Numerical illustration and comparison show that the algorithm compares favourably with the simplex method for solving linear programming problems.

The oxidation stability of base stocks in the presence of some synthesized Benzothiazoles derivatives, 2-(benzothiazol-2-ylthio)-N-butylacetamide (Ia), 2-(benzo-thiazol-2-ylthio)-N-octyl-acetamide (Ib) and 2-(benzothiazol-2-ylthio)-N-dodecylaceta-mide(Ic), as oxidation inhibitors has been studied. The structures of these prepared compounds are elucidated by the common tools of analysis, Elemental analysis, I.R. and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation reaction of these compounds with one of the base stocks that used in the formulation of the local lubricating oil was investigated, using the change in Total Acid Number (TAN), Viscosity, and Infra-Red (IR) spectroscopy. The data obtained, reveals that these prepared compounds gave good results. The efficiency order is shown as follows Ib and Ic > Ia.

One of the most important and underappreciated reproductive health problems in developing countries is the high rate of infertility and childlessness. Many microorganisms seem to be involved in male & female reproductive systems. However, such infections, as well as those involving other and cases of endometritis, leading to uterine synechiae, are less common than tubal occlusions parts of the male genito-urinary tract, may cause a microbial colonization of the semen. Some conditions; however, seem to have a greater impact on female fertility. Vaginal infections are of doubtful impact resulting from salpingitis. Adhesions, caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, seem to affect the functional status of the tubes more harshly than that of the uterus. Molecular epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis (TB) have focused largely on utilizing molecular techniques to address short- and long-term epidemiologic questions, such as in outbreak investigations and in assessing the global dissemination of strains, respectively. In essence, molecular epidemiology focuses on the role of genetic and environmental risk factors, at the molecular/cellular or biochemical level, in disease etiology and distribution among populations. This is done primarily by examining the extent of genetic diversity of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The traditional identification of bacteria on the basis of a phenotypic characteristic is generally not as accurate as identification based on genotypic methods. Comparison of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence has emerged as a preferred genetic technique. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis can better identify poorly described, rarely isolated, or phenotypically aberrant strains, can be routinely used for identification of Mycobacterium, and can lead to the recognition of novel pathogens and non cultured bacteria.

Studies on transplantation of oysters in Mulky estuary was carried out from January 2010 to May 2010. The assemblages of macrobenthos with the transplanted oyster were recorded. The assemblages of macrobenthos increased gradually over the months. Overall, the population density and species of macrobenthos with transplanted oysters varied from 36 to 86No/m². Minimum number of macrobenthos was recorded during February 2010 and maximum during April and May 2010. The survival rate of transplanted oysters varied between 86.60 and 100%. The environmental factors such as the water temperature, sediment temperature, salinity, DO, pH, sedimentation rate, phytoplankton wet weight and sediment organic carbon varied from 29.89 to 34.45ºC, 31.60 to 35.20ºC, 24.20 to 33.62ppt, 4.69 to 4.85mg/l, 7.18 to 7.8, 0.28 to 1.33g/m²/month, 8.86 to 58.47 mg/m³ and 0.02 to 0.24% respectively

Automatic transmission is used to maintain the equilibrium between power and torque produced by the engine. The power produced by the engine is transmitted to drive wheel through transmission unit, reduction unit and differential. A desired speed ratio, kinematic and dynamic requirements can be fulfilled by the equilibrium of torque and power. Accurate speed ratio’s can be achieved by using Planetary Gear Trains which are used to transmit motion between two or more shafts.

Knowledge of mosquito vectors fauna is crucial to disease control measures. Entomological surveys were conducted in endemic areas of malaria and lymphatic filariasis at Ed Damazin locality, Blue Nile State, to investigate mosquito species composition. Mosquitoes were caught throughout the year, in dry and wet seasons during July 2007–August 2008. Mosquitoes were collected as larvae using WHO standard dipping method and as adults by CDC miniature light traps, a local made light traps (Madeni light trap; MLT 2008) and pyrethrum spray collections. A total number of 1953 collected adult mosquitoes; 191 using light traps and 1762 using pyrethrum spray collections, while 599 larvae specimens were collected. Nine species were recorded in the area namely; An. arabiensis, An. squamosus, An. pharoensis, An. rufipes, An. funestus, Cx. quinquefasicatus, Cx. univitatus, Cx. anntenatus and Cx. sitiens and the apparent density was compared.