July 2011

Objective: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Since the problem is global, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity and compared their association with social & economic status among urban school children of Visakhapatnam, North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, South India. Methods: A total of 1000 children from public and private schools in and around Visakhapatnam were included in this study. Data for children aged 10-12 years of both sexes were collected. Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed using the following standard equation: BMI = Weight (kg)/height (m)². Presence of overweight and obesity were evaluated using the age-sex specific growth charts recommended by Centre for Disease Control, USA. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity were 13.1% (95% CI:11.01-15.19) and 5.1% (95% CI:3.74-6.46) respectively, which together constitute 18.2% (95% CI:15.81-20.59). The prevalence of obesity and overweight were highest among boys (18.4%), at the age of 10 years (23.8%), in private schools (24.5%) and especially in the children with high social status (24.4%) and economic status (28.9%). Thus, the significantly associated categories, according to the weight of the children are age (p=0.002), type of school (p=0.000), social (p=0.000) and economic status (p=0.001). The odds ratio estimates revealed that the children aged 10 years, studying in private school, belongs to high social and economic status were at increased risk to have the overweight and obesity when compared with the other categories within each variable. Conclusion: The study confirmed the findings of earlier studies carried out in India and other countries. It emphasized that the children of high social and economic status were significantly associated with the risk of being overweight and obesity. Thus, similar studies with more number of variables should be undertaken among children, which would help us to have a better and clearer picture on the overweight and obesity situation in India.

The exploitation of AM fungi is highly significant to massive crop improvement programmes. It is important to withstand drought in the nursery and in the field. Improved growth of many crops, resistance of plants to drought stress and root pathogens due to application of AM fungi was emphasized by many workers. Considerable research efforts have been made to demonstrate that Mycorrhizal and N2 fixing symbionts benefit the plant growth and these two symbionts can be used in agriculture to improve nursery quality and subsequent growth in the field. Rhizosphere microorganisms influence many chemical reactions by way of their metabolites and AM fungi play a crucial role in affiliating both microbial and plant functions as mediators of exchange between them. Because of the added advantage by the interaction between AM and different groups of microbes, Mycorrhizal technology has assumed greater relevance in crop production. The practical application can lead to potential increase in survival and growth rates of crops. This paper traces synergistic interactions of AM with other microbes that promote plant growth.

Objective An attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the growth and nutritional status among early adolescent school girls (age group of 10 to 14 years) of Dantan-II Block, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out in rural adolescent school girls of 18 government-approved upper primary schools of Dantan-II Block, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Anthropometric and socio-demographic information from 3693 adolescent girls were collected during 2009-2010 academic session. Height and weight were measured using standard procedure and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. BMI was compared to 2007 WHO growth reference. Height- for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and BMI-for-age (BMIZ) were used to evaluate stunting, underweight and thinness respectively, based on the National Centre of Heath Statistics (NCHS) < - 2 Z score values. Classification of severity of malnutrition was done based on WHO recommendation. Results Mean BMI-for-age were less than those of 2007 WHO growth reference for girls at all ages. The overall rate of stunting, underweight and thinness was 33.13%, 28.06% and 17.92% respectively. Based on WHO classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of stunting was high (30-39%), whereas those of underweight (≥ 30) and thinness (≥ 15) were very high. Conclusion The study shows that poor health and nutritional status among the adolescents indicating a major public health problem. An intensive and comprehensive approach is required to improve the nutritional status of rural adolescent girls.

Our present study include the species diversity of phytoplankton of a semi-lentic water body within the khari of Golapbag campus, the university of Burdwan and its relation with physico-chemical parameters of the water body to establish the occurrence of the various phytoplankton throughout the year. Species diversity index value 3.824, 3.701 and 3.354 in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon respectively indicates the quality of the water body. Chlorophycean representatives are dominant mostly and Cyanophycean members are least in representation. Plankton density reaches its maximum level in monsoon time. This work demonstrates changes in phytoplankton diversity and expresses the possibilities of using these minute organisms as an indicator in biomonitoring system to determine the quality of water body.

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the commonest causes for End stage renal disease. The aim of the present clinical study was to establish whether oxidative stress and TGF-β1 may be significant in evaluating its role in variable stages of nephropathy and to determine its association with other renal parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients among the south Indian population. This study was conducted on sixty patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and compared with age matched control subjects. The patients were grouped as Group I: healthy controls and Group II: Diabetic patients without nephropathy and Group III: Diabetic patients with nephropathy. Plasma TGF-β1, MDA and TAC, were measured and correlated with different biochemical parameters. Our results showed significant statistical increase in TGF-β1, MDA and MDA/TAC ratio in all diabetic patients when compared to controls (p<0.05). In addition significant difference was observed in HbA1c, TGF- β 1 and MDA among the diabetic patients with nephropathy as compared to diabetic patients’ without nephropathy. MDA showed positive correlation with TGF-β1, HbA1c and significant negative correlation with TAC among the diabetic patients. Our results suggest that diabetic patients with nephropathy and having poor glycemic control have increased level of TGF-β1 and oxidative stress. Hyperglycemia may trigger the oxidative stress in turn causes the depletion of antioxidants which up regulates the level of TGF-β1. The supplementation of antioxidants and having strict glycemic control may delay the development of renal disease in type 2 diabetes.

The present communication pertains to the effect of weeds on the yield of maize crop in tehsil Nowshera, district Rajouri (J&K).The study was conducted during June to November, 2010. During this course the authors have selected two plots of 01 hectare each (P1 and P2) in village Jaba (irrigated area) of tehsil Nowhera. The plot P1 was marked as Weed Free plot (WF) and P2 as Weedy Plot (WP). Both the plots were ploughed and the seed beds were prepared by adding equal amount of NPK fertilizer (Urea150 kg, DAP 100 kg and Potash 40 kg/hec.). Same variety of maize seeds was sown in both the plots during second week of June, 2010. Nitrogen fertilizer urea was given in split doses (50kg before sowing, 50 kg, 40 DAS and 50 kg at tassel stage). In plot P1 (WF) 2 days after sowing the herbicide Atrazine was sprayed @ 1.2 kg/ hq.,hoeing and earthingup was done twice (first 20 DAS and second 40DAS) deweeding (hand pulling and eradicating weeds with the help of digger and sickle) was done during the month of Aug.-Sept., 2010. In plot P2 (WP) no herbicide was sprayed, only one hoeing was done (20 DAS) and no deweeding operation was carried, as a result 38 weeds were reported from this plot. After ripening the crop was harvested (during first week of Nov., 2010) from both the plots and threshed separately. The grains collected in different bags were weighed. The weeds compete with maize crop in plot P2 (WP) and reduced the yield by 30.61%.

The study was aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of the seed coat of Borassus flabellifer on the HeLa cell line. The seed coat of Borassus flabellifer PBS extracts were tested for inhibitory effect on HeLa Cell Line. The cytotoxicity of Borassus flabellifer on HeLa cell was evaluated by the MTT assay. The PBS extract of Borassus flabellifer has shown significant cytotoxicity on HeLa Cell Line in concentration range between 32 μg/ml to 750 μg/ml by MTT assay. Our preliminary studies on HeLa cell line indicated that even the lower concentrations of plant extract tested showed significant antiproliferative activity.

The electrical characteristics of semiconductor thin films are of great practical interest in microelectronics industry hence the need to measure these parameters in a cheaper and faster manner possible. In this study, we report on design and fabrication of a cheap, simple and portable computer-aided four point probe system for thin film sheet resistivity measurement. The designed system has been used to measure sheet resistivity of Cu2O semiconductor thin films prepared at different sputter conditions by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. With the Van der Pauw set-up and a square symmetry adopted, sheet resistivity of Cu2O thin films at room temperature of 23oC was found to be 55.65 Ω cm when measured using the system. However, as the samples were exposed to temperature rise, the sheet resistivity was found to decrease and was at its minimum value of 29.67 Ω cm at 170oC. The sheet resistivity of Cu2O thin films were further found to increase with increase in sputter pressure during film preparation. Films deposited at sputtering pressure of 1.8x10-2 mbar had sheet resistivity of 33.64 Ω cm and this increased to 62.23 Ω cm for films deposited at higher sputtering pressure of 2.4x10-2 mbar.

Climate change is the most studied concept in the world of research. Various new techniques like Neural Networks, learning Non- linear dynamics and others are used to predict climate change. Solar activity may be a major forcing of climate change. In this paper we use aa index as an indicator of solar variability and study its trend using Hurst’s exponent method. The Fractal dimensional value of aa index was calculated to be 1.1 for a period of 1900 -2010. This value of aa index shows a “persistence” that is the future trend is more and more likely to follow an established trend.

A women’s age at marriage is considered to be one of the most important variables accounting for variation in fertility levels among different societies of the world. The objective of the present paper is to study the fertility behavior of females near the time of marriage using the approach of first birth interval. The study is done in two sections. Section-1 deals with the study of spatial variation in first birth interval across different states of the country (India) for females classified according to age at marriage. It also deals with the investigation of transition of first birth interval from NFHS-2 to NFHS-3. Section-2 is concerned with the application of a simple model to investigate whether the assumption of constant fecundability after marriage till the occurrence of first conception is suitable or not. If so, the estimates of fecundability have also been obtained using simple technique of estimation.

Small-scale industries account for a variable for economic development in a most number of countries in the world, in particular those which are developing and termed as ‘DCS’. Small-scale industries share to play considerable role in the employment of man power and productivity. They also play drastic roles in constituting investment and provoke the investments. As a result they influence the equal or otherwise distribution of incomes across the regions through increased profits. Small-scale industries are necessarily termed as "rural developing motors." Questions: Based on a certain number of surveys accomplished until now, we find that one prime approach to remedy our national rural areas is to develop small scale industries. The present study seeks to demonstrate the fact that what this development of rural regions matter and answer the question what type of industries or handicrafts should be established in villages to enhance the employment there in an attempt to raise the incomes and earnings of country people. In other words, what investment should be made on different types of industry in villages to step up their employment by maximizing the added values.

The objective of the present study is to determine whether implementation of a team- cohesion intervention programme can enhance the team cohesion and self confidence of athletes and decrease cognitive and somatic anxiety which in turn can be fostered by a three-pronged strategy of goal setting, open communication and leadership. The participants were 28 club football players competing in the Indian Football league. Each participant completed the Group Environment Questionnaire and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, which assessed different aspect of cohesion and Cognitive and Somatic anxiety and self confidence at both the beginning and end of the programme. The team cohesion intervention programme was given for twelve weeks. The data was analyzed using t-ratio. After analyzing the data, significant differences were found between the pre-intervention test and post-intervention test. Overall results indicated that the team cohesion intervention programme using team goal setting, open communication and leadership were an effective team cohesion tool for enhancing cohesiveness and self confidence and reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety in football players.

The present paper deals with the analysis of Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time of Neural network research output at international level using time series data from 1969 to 2007. The research output at the international level in 1969 is 2 and it is reached to 123552 in 2007 and the increasing trend is observed year by year. The relative growth rate registers a declining trend at international level. The study period, 1969-2007 records the mean relative growth rate of 0.29 at the world level. The doubling time of neural network research output at the world level starts with 0.63 year in 1971 and it is 6.93 years in 2007.

If low job satisfaction or dissatisfaction exists amongst Academics then the goals of higher education cannot be accomplished. The purpose of this study was to provide empirical evidence as to the job satisfaction levels of Academics in Southwest-Nigeria and to ascertain as to whether academic status is a reliable predictor of their job satisfaction. The study instrument used was the short-form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) which measures job satisfaction using 20 facets of the job. The population for this study consisted of Academics in Southwest-Nigeria. A total of 412 Academics (69% response rate) agreed to take part in the study. Data analysis consisted of the computation of descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings showed that Academics indicate only a moderate level of overall job satisfaction. The job facets advancement, compensation, co-workers and variety were found to be statistically significant with academic status indicating that academic status affects the satisfaction associated with 4 out of the 20 facets of the Academics’ job examined. In general, it can be said that the results of this study indicate the extent of the low to moderate satisfaction levels that exists among Academics in Universities of the Southwest-Nigeria.

Conventionally, anthropologists considered the people, as tribes who were backward in some sense or other, inhabited in remote, inaccessible areas and were not familiar with the art of modern living. They live in isolation. Such concept, however does not quite describe the tribes of India. These groups always had links with other people and shared with them a largely common cultural heritage. The term scheduled tribe in India is generally defined by the political and administration consideration for uplifting a section of the Indian people which have been relatively remotely situated in the hills and forests and which is backward in terms of the statistics of the development. In this paper an attempt has been made to assess the decision making skills of five tribes who live in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. They are Todas, Kotas, Paniyas, Irulas and Kurumbas. 1000 respondents were chosen and were tested to identify five skills namely inquiry, insight, drive, diagnosis and planning.

This paper examines the remitting behaviour among domestic servants, also referred to as house-helps, working in Nairobi. It is based on a study whose broad objective was to assess the remitting behaviour among house-helps in Lavington, Mathare North and Buruburu residential estates in Nairobi. The paper focuses on the proportion of income remitted among house-helps and the factors that influence remittances. Remittances among female domestic workers have led to triple disempowerment, in that, firstly, these women are denied access to education and those who proceed to high school may not advance to higher education. Secondly, because of limited access to education, they end up with no jobs or with poorly paid jobs. Lastly, the little they earn has to be divided between their needs and those of their families. It was recommended that there is a need for house-helps to be empowered on their rights as workers. This will ensure that they are in a position to demand for their rights as far as their salaries are concerned. They will also learn the benefits of working together under the workers’ unions. This will in turn ensure that the flow of remittances is enhanced between the house-helps and their families.

The study pertaining to the available medical databases which are of huge size involve the consideration of all the attributes related to the problem. This resulted in large amount of computational time and accordingly there was a drastic reduction in the computational speed also. In order to minimize these factors, the present study was undertaken which enabled to get optimal results by using neural classifier techniques. In this paper, the effectiveness of various attributes and classifiers in the cytological diagnosis of WBCD breast cancer dataset were compared. Here, the most effective attributes were identified and it was found that these attributes describe at least one of the important nuclei characteristics of the morphological and textual features namely size, shape and texture of a cancerous cell. Further, applying all these attributes together to the classifiers, it was found that there was a significant increase in their performance which resulted in optimal computational speed and time. Overall, it was found that support vector machines could give accuracy as high as 97.37%.

The overall objective of this paper is to determine the role played by forestry in alleviating poverty in Kenya. It also seeks to examine and analyse the extent of poverty among people living in Cherangani Hills, West Pokot; assess the benefits of forestry to rural communities; investigate the relationship between forest dependence and poverty and to make policy recommendations on ways of enhancing the contribution of forests in alleviating poverty. Two methods were used to derive data for the study. Secondary data was obtained by review of existing literature related to the subject while primary data was obtained through a survey among 200 households. The survey was based on Multistage sampling procedure. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, an interview schedule and discussions with key informants and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis techniques. The findings revealed that 69.5% of the population had incomes falling below the official poverty line. Two categories of forest products had a net effect on rural poverty; timber products were mainly commercialized and traded by people with sufficient capital, while the poor mainly utilized non-timber forest products. The findings further revealed a significant positive relationship between poverty level and household size. There was a significant difference in poverty level among households having forestry as a source of income compared with those without it. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that forests act to ameliorate the incidence of poverty in the study area. It was recommended that to further enhance this contribution, it was imperative to undertake conservation programmes that were sensitive and responsive to community needs and that aimed to strike a balance between utilization level of forest resources and their renewable rate.

During the present investigation, soil from different villages of Jaipur district in Rajasthan was tested. Soils of two depths viz 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were tested. Surface soil samples (0-15 cm) showed the pH ranging from 8.2 to 10.2 and sub-surface soil samples (15-30cm) showed pH ranging from 8.0 to 10.0 showing characteristic of alkali soils. The EC of 9 soil samples was less than 1 mmhos/cm. One soil sample showed EC more than 1 mmhos/cm. Organic carbon percentage was low in all the 10 soil samples. Available Phosphorus and potash ranged from medium to high in these soil samples.

This investigation intended to comparatively study and evaluate independent capacities of cellulose degrading native strains of Streptomyces albospinus (MTCC 8768) and Streptomyces somaliensis (MTCC 8769) isolated from municipal wastes of Patna for growth adaptability and endoglucanase yield, divulging a new insight for a strong suitability of these isolates for large scale production. Both the isolates were able to grow well in all the media tested. However, S. albospinus (MTCC 8768) showed luxuriant growth as compared to S. somaliensis (MTCC 8769) indicating its wider substrate utilization capacity. The isolates were also able to utilize different carbon sources with exception of lactose. Maximum cellulolytic activity was observed at 37 °C using Congo red test that exhibited a clear zone of 4 mm by S. albospinus (MTCC 8768) and 3 mm by S. somaliensis (MTCC 8769) around the colonies. Optimum pH was 6.8 at which the amount of reducing sugar released was 9.2 mg/ml by S. albospinus (MTCC 8768) and 8.3 mg/ml by S. somaliensis (MTCC 8769). S. albospinus (MTCC 8768) showed a better adaptability for different media and carbon sources that makes it more suitable to be used for commercial production of the enzyme.

Succinate dehydrogenase is the oxidative enzyme which was drastically affected by the action of heavy metals. Succinate dehydrogenase is chosen as a representative of metabolic enzyme. It is a marker enzyme for detecting the presence of TCA cycle in tissues. The aim of the present study is to assess the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase activities in gill, liver, kidney, brain and muscle of the fish Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration of nickel chloride 1/5th (high), 1/10th (medium) and 1/15th (low) of the 96 hour LC50 values for the period of 10, 20 and 30 days. The fish exposed to nickel chloride showed a decrease the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase activities for 10, 20 and 30 days in gill, liver, kidney, brain and muscle. However, no information is on record concerning the three different sublethal concentration of heavy metal, nickel chloride on the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase of freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The objective of the present work was to observe the effect of nickel on succinate dehydrogenase activities in gill, liver and kidney of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita.

Aim: To isolate and identify the bacterial isolates from preoperative cases presenting at an eye care hospital in Salem and determine its antibiogram pattern. Method: Conjunctival swabs were obtained from 84 preoperative cases undergoing cataract surgery at Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, Salem. The swabs were processed by standard methods. The bacterial isolates deemed significant by growth in culture media and positive for direct microscopic findings were taken for the study. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by Kirby-Bauer method. Result: In this study the culture positivity accounted for 71(85%) cases and 13(15%) cases showed no growth. The predominant isolate was Staph epidermidis in 23(32.3%) cases followed by Staph aureus in 12(16.9%) cases. Non hemolytic streptococci accounted for 10(14%) cases followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae in 7(10%) cases . The gram negative isolates included Acinetobacter spp in 3(4.2%) cases, Aeromonas spp in 3(4.2%) cases and Serratia spp in2(3%) cases. In susceptibility testing, ciprofloxcin showed a wide coverage against 54(86%) of the 63 gram positive cocci and 5(63%) of the total 8 gram negative isolates. The coverage of sisomycin, tobramycin and ofloxcin against gram positive cocci tested were 73.01%, 65.07% and 60.01% respectively. All the isolates of gram negative bacilli showed resistance to ofloxcin. Ciprofloxacin, sisomycin and amikacin was the most effective antibiotics against Aeromonas spp in this study. Conclusion: ciprofloxacin, sisomycin and tobramycin having a wide range of activity against both gram positive and gram negative organism indicating it as a potent antibiotic for preoperative cases.

The present study an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva lactuca without chemical fertilizer on growth, pigment content and yield of Amaranthus roxburghinus and Amaranthus tricolor (greens) was analyzed. Among the different concentrations of SLF(s) investigated, the A. roxburghinus that received with 1.5 % SLF showed maximum fresh weight, dry weight, root and shoot length, leaf area and content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, protein, carbohydrate, lipid and yield whereas, in A. tricolor maximum at 1.0% level. The SLF was also analyzed for micro and macro elements and the plant growth regulators like Auxin and Cytokinin.

Cashew apple is a fairly large spreading and fast growing tree that is native to Brazil. The tree also produces a two-piece fruit, one part called the Cashew Apple and one being the Cashew Nut. The cashew apple is pear shaped and has nutritional and medicinal effect. It contains more vitamin C than citrus. Various value added products such as juice, fenny, wine, dried cashew apple, syrup and jam can be prepared from cashew apple.

Fe-doped semi-insulating InP samples doped with S and S+Si dual implants were characterised for their electrical properties, namely, Hall mobility, electrical activation, carrier concentration and sheet resistivity using Hall effect and Vander Pauw techniques. The samples doped for levels ranging from 5 X 1012 to 3 x 1015cm-2 and subjected to Rapid Thermal Annealing for various temperature and time schedules to determine the optimum anneal schedule. Maximum activations of 66% and high electron mobilities of the order of 1100 cm2/Vs were obtained for the best anneal schedule which was found to be 750 °C for 10 s.

Finding information on a large web site can be a difficult and time-consuming process. Recommender systems can help users find information by providing them with personalized suggestions. In this paper the creation of recommendation system was emphasized to achieve the personalization on the website. Recommender systems typically use techniques from collaborative filtering, in which proximity measures between users are formulated to generate recommendations, or content-based filtering, in which users are compared directly to items. Our approach used similarity measures between users. User-based collaborative filtering gave personalized recommendations by finding similar users. Item-Based collaborative filtering recommended similar items. Different algorithms were compared. However, the applied testing procedure did not employ equal conditions for both approaches. The aim of this report was to give an evaluation on both the approaches by employing a fair testing procedure on the data gathered. Test results and their dependency to the employed algorithms were interpreted. The experiments are carried out by building the recommendation engine through the Taste library in Java — a fast and flexible engine for collaborative filtering.

The objective of the present work is to investigate experimentally the thermal behaviour of a Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) unit. A Thermal Energy Storage (TES) unit is designed, fabricated and integrated with blower to study the performance of the storage unit. The TES unit contains a mixture of paraffin Phase Change Material (PCM) and carbon fiber brushes (CFB). Experimental result shows that the brushes essentially improve the heat exchange rate during the charge and discharge processes even when the mass fraction of CFB is about 1%. It was concluded that the study PCM mixture was the most promising one for latent heat thermal energy storage applications due to its high thermal conductivity and also high charging and discharging rate.

Sprouting and roasting of wheat and finger millets supposed to increase the nutritive value and decrease the antinutritional factors. These roasted and sprouting finger millets and wheat could find application in development of various weaning food preparations. In present investigation, efforts were made to study change in nutritional properties of sprouted wheat and finger millet. Further two different methods of drying viz. solar and Infra red drying, were implied to analyze the effect of drying method on nutritional composition. The results revealed that infra-red drying drastically reduces the time required for drying of sprouted wheat and finger millets. However, nutrient losses in case of infra-red drying observed to be higher compared to that of sun drying.

The present study on Dimensions of Women Higher Education in Coimbatore would concentrate on estimating the rate of returns of womens higher education in a selected area of Coimbatore city. Standard Mincerian earnings function and extended earnings function were used to investigate the education – earnings relationship among selected women and test the hypothesis of positive returns to education. In addition, the job satisfaction pattern of the individuals was also analyzed. The findings suggested that the private rates of return to education of selected women were positive at virtually all educational levels. The rates of return to education were found to be higher, the higher the educational level, the result inconsistent with the findings of other researchers in this area. The job satisfaction pattern also increased with level of education.

There is a interlink Between growth rate of population and family planning, the family planning started with slogan of “Two children for each family” but growth rate of population has not been controlled. The growth rate of population has been increasing at rate of 15.67 percent. The family planning programe started in December 1957 and continued vigorously after the formation of Karnataka state. Till 1977 the programe was implemented with full speed and under proper direction. Since there is an increasing pressure of populations growth on land in rural areas to urban areas, by 1991, India had more than 150,000 public health facilities through which family planning programs were offered (see Health Care, this ch). The annual population growth rate in the previous decade (1941 to 1951) had been below 1.3 percent, and government planners optimistically believed that the population would continue to grow at roughly the same rate. The objective of this is to examine the growth rate of population and impact of family planning on control of population. This paper is based on secondary data, secondary data was a collected from published and unpublished sources, census, Report and Journals. According to provisional figures of 2011 census population has been increasing, this is interesting note that family planning programme is not working properly in this concern developed country has taken strong decision but in India it is not taken due to awareness, poverty, population is increasing. Family planning programme implemented successfully in urban areas but not rural areas.

The main objective of this paper is to identify and fill up the voids in terms of concepts and methods of research work on ‘Terrain Evaluation for Agricultural Land use And Planning in the Burdwan Upland, West Bengal’. This work will make suggestion relating to the research work to be conducted by research scholars on almost similar type of problems and methods. For achieving the target, the author has reviewed the literature previously presented. The whole literature survey has been attempted on almost all the main parts of the research topic. The previous works related to terrain evaluation, agricultural land use, land use model, statistical techniques, regional development disparity and Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) etc. have enriched the present study.